Table 2.
Baseline psychological outcomes, physical activity, and perceived effects of COVID-19.
| Outcome, physical activity, or effect | Mean (SD) | |
| Psychological outcome | ||
|
|
Stress scorea | 18.12 (6.29) |
|
|
Depression scoreb | 8.89 (4.12) |
|
|
Anxiety scoreb | 5.87 (3.61) |
| Physical activity (days/week)c | ||
|
|
Pre–COVID-19 physical activity | 4.87 (2.04) |
|
|
Current physical activity | 4.89 (2.29) |
| Perceived effectd of COVID-19 on: | ||
|
|
Stress | 1.82 (0.80) |
|
|
Mental health | 2.07 (0.83) |
|
|
Physical activity | 2.72 (1.29) |
aStress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale; summed scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher levels of perceived stress.
bDepression and anxiety were measured using the depression and anxiety subscales, respectively, of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; summed scores range from 0 to 21 (normal: 0-7; borderline abnormal: 8-10; abnormal: 11-21).
cParticipants self-reported how many days per week (on a scale of 0 to 7) of physical activity they participated in.
dParticipants responded to investigator-developed items; response scores range from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating higher perceived effects of COVID-19.