Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted regression models exploring associations between rural or urban status and psychological outcomes, physical activity, and perceived effects of COVID-19.
| Model | Rural or urban difference, β (SE) | P value | |||
| Unadjusted model |
|
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|||
|
|
Psychological outcome | ||||
|
|
|
Stress | 0.30 (0.22) | .09 | |
|
|
|
Depression | 0.15 (0.14) | .29 | |
|
|
|
Anxiety | –0.15 (0.12) | .24 | |
|
|
Physical activity | ||||
|
|
|
Pre–COVID-19 physical activity | 0.08 (0.07) | .27 | |
|
|
|
Current physical activity | 0.08 (0.08) | .31 | |
|
|
Perceived effect of COVID-19 on: | ||||
|
|
|
Stress | –0.05 (0.03) | .10 | |
|
|
|
Mental health | –0.07 (0.03) | .11 | |
|
|
|
Physical activity | –0.05 (0.04) | .29 | |
| Adjusted modela |
|
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|||
|
|
Psychological outcome | ||||
|
|
|
Stress | 0.02 (0.22) | .91 | |
|
|
|
Depression | 0.07 (0.15) | .64 | |
|
|
|
Anxiety | –0.24 (0.13) | .07 | |
|
|
Physical activity | ||||
|
|
|
Pre–COVID-19 physical activity | 0.12 (0.08) | .10 | |
|
|
|
Current physical activity | 0.16 (0.09) | .05 | |
|
|
Perceived effect of COVID-19 on: | ||||
|
|
|
Stress | –0.05 (0.03) | .09 | |
|
|
|
Mental health | –0.07 (0.03) | .22 | |
|
|
|
Physical activity | –0.02 (0.05) | .67 | |
aThe model controlled for gender, age, ethnicity, race, income, education, employment, Calm app use, and statewide COVID-19 prevalence at baseline.