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. 2021 May 19;10(5):1249. doi: 10.3390/cells10051249

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Histologically visible number of α-SMA-positive vessels within the defect area (a). Significantly fewer α-SMA-positive vessels were found in the GDBM5%Ca2⁺ group than in GDBM granules. Evaluation of vascularization based on immunostaining of established blood vessels, using antibodies directed against α-SMA within the whole defect. Representative images of bone defects treated with different scaffolds (b–f). α-SMA-positive vessels were more inhomogeneously distributed with a concentration in the peripheral area in the fDMB 120% group. Red arrows indicate α-SMA-positive blood vessels, Cor = corticalis, sca = scaffold. Scale bar indicates a distance of 200 μm; * p < 0.05.

Histologically visible number of α-SMA-positive vessels within the defect area (a). Significantly fewer α-SMA-positive vessels were found in the GDBM5%Ca2⁺ group than in GDBM granules. Evaluation of vascularization based on immunostaining of established blood vessels, using antibodies directed against α-SMA within the whole defect. Representative images of bone defects treated with different scaffolds (b–f). α-SMA-positive vessels were more inhomogeneously distributed with a concentration in the peripheral area in the fDMB 120% group. Red arrows indicate α-SMA-positive blood vessels, Cor = corticalis, sca = scaffold. Scale bar indicates a distance of 200 μm; * p < 0.05.