Table 1.
Previous studies indicating possible correlation between AGEs and TMAO.
| Authors [Reference] (Number of Participants) |
Intervention | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Mitchell et al. [130] (n = 20) |
High protein diet (1.6 g/kgBW/day) | Serum TMAO↑ |
| Brinkley et al. [131] (n = 2439) |
High protein diet (≥1.2 g/kgBW/day) | Serum Nε-CML↑, Serum sRAGE↑ |
| Yacoub et al. [28] (n = 20) |
Restriction of dietary AGEs intake | Serum Nε-CML↓, Serum methylglyoxal-derivatives↓ Prevotella copri↓, Bifidobacterium animalis↓ Alistipes indistinctus↑, Clostridium citroniae↑ |
| Adachi et al. [136] (n = 204) |
Observational study in healthy subjects (n = 75) and HD patients (n = 129) |
Clostridium hathewayi↑, Ruminococcus gauvreauii↑ Serum-free carnitine inversely correlates with skin AGEs |
| Tahara et al. [133] | Observational study in non-diabetic subjects |
Clostridium hathewayi↑, Ruminococcus gauvreauii↑ Serum-free carnitine inversely correlates with skin AGEs |
| Fukami et al. [137] (n = 102, HD patients) |
Oral L-carnitine supplementation (900 mg/d), six months |
Skin AGEs↓ Serum-free carnitine inversely correlates with the decrease in skin AGEs |
| Fukami et al. [138] (n = 31, HD patients) |
Oral L-carnitine supplementation (900 mg/d), six months |
Vascular injury markers (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1)↓ Oxidative stress marker (MDA)↓ Serum AGE tends to be decreased TMA↑, TMAO↑ |