Table 1.
Therapeutic targets in the complement cascade for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. * Nonrandomized, controlled cohort study. Abbreviations: NCT: National Clinical Trial. Country Abbreviations: BD: Bangladesh; BE: Belgium; BR: Brazil; CH: Switzerland; CN: China; DE: Germany; ES: Spain; FR: France; GB: United Kingdom; ID: Indonesia; IN: India; IT: Italy; MX: Mexico; NL: Netherlands; PE: Peru; RU: Russia; US: the United States.
| Drug | Sponsor | Study Type | Status | Location | NCT | Publications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 esterase inhibitor | ||||||
| Conestat-alfa | Pharming | Case series (n = 5) | Not available | CH | Urwyler [56] | |
| Phase 2 (n = 120) | Recruiting | BR, CH, MX | 04414631 [57] | |||
| Ruconest® | Pharming | Phase 2 (n = 120) | Recruiting | US | 04530136 [58] | |
| C3 inhibitor | ||||||
| AMY-101 | Amyndas | Case report (n = 1) | Not available | IT | Mastaglio [59] | |
| Phase 2 (n = 144) | Not yet recruiting | Not listed | 04395456 [60] | |||
| APL-9 | Apellis | Phase 1,2 (n = 66) | Recruiting | US, BR | 04402060 [61] | |
| C5a inhibitor | ||||||
| BDB-001 | Staidson | Case series (n = 2) | Not available | CN | Gao [28] | |
| Phase 2,3 (n = 368) | Recruiting | BD, CN, ES, ID, IN | 04449588 [62] | |||
| Vilobelimab | InflaRx | Phase 2 (n = 30) | Not available | NL | Vlaar [63] | |
| Phase 2,3 (n = 390) | Recruiting | BE, BR, FR, DE, NL, PE, RU | 04333420 [64] | |||
| C5aR inhibitor | ||||||
| Avdoralimab | Innate | Phase 2 (n = 208) | Active, not recruiting | FR | 04371367 [65] | |
| C5 inhibitor | ||||||
| Eculizumab | Alexion | Cohort * (n = 80) | Not available | FR | Annane [66] | |
| Case series (n = 4) | Not available | IT | Diurno [67] | |||
| Case series (n = 3) | Not available | US | Laurence [68] | |||
| Phase 2 (n = 120) | Recruiting | FR | 04346797 [69] | |||
| Expanded Access | Available | Not listed | 04288713 [70] | |||
| Expanded Access | Not available | FR, US | 04355494 [71] | |||
| Ravulizumab | Alexion | Phase 3 (n = 270) | Active, not recruiting | ES, FR, GB, JP, US | 04369469 [72] | |
| Phase 3 (n = 32) | Recruiting | US | 04570397 [73] | |||
| Phase 4 (n = 1167) | Recruiting | GB | 04390464 [74] | |||
| Tesidolumab | Novartis | Case series (n = 5) | Not available | GB | Zelek [75] | |
| Zilucoplan | UCB | Phase 2 (n = 81) | Active, not recruiting | BE | 04382755 [76] | |
| MASP-2 inhibitor | ||||||
| Narsoplimab | Omeros | Case series (n = 6) | Not available | IT | Rambaldi [77] | |
| Phase 2, Adaptive (n = 1500) | Recruiting | US | 04488081 [78] | |||