Table 1. Patient characteristics, glycemic control metrics, and outcomes, according to HbA1c levels.
| All patients | HbA1c <6.5% | HbA1c ≥6.5% | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,230) | (n = 980) | (n = 250) | ||||
| Patient characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years | 76 [64, 82] | 75 [64, 82] | 76 [64, 82] | 0.49 | ||
| Male sex | 797 (64.8) | 618 (63.1) | 179 (71.6) | 0.01 | ||
| Body mass index | 22.1 [20, 23] | 22.1 [20, 23] | 22.1 [21, 24] | 0.08 | ||
| Acute physiology score | 13 [9, 18] | 13 [9, 18] | 13 [9, 19] | 0.26 | ||
| APACHE Ⅱ score | 18 [13, 23] | 18 [14, 23] | 18.5 [13, 24] | 0.32 | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index score | 3 [2, 5] | 3.5 [2, 5] | 3 [2, 5] | 0.13 | ||
| HbA1c, % | 5.9 [5.4, 6.4] | 5.7 [5.3, 6.0] | 7.2 [6.8, 8.5] | <0.001 | ||
| Diagnosed Diabetes | 376 (30.6) | 209 (21.3) | 167 (66.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Diagnosis | 0.01 | |||||
| Sepsis | 310 (25.2) | 233 (23.8) | 77 (30.8) | |||
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 122 (9.9) | 102 (10.4) | 20 (8.0) | |||
| Cardiac diseases | 96 (7.8) | 71 (7.2) | 25 (10) | |||
| Cardiac arrest | 126 (10.2) | 91 (9.3) | 35 (14) | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 173 (14.1) | 147 (15) | 26 (10.4) | |||
| Gastrointestinal diseases | 58 (4.7) | 47 (4.8) | 11 (4.4) | |||
| Trauma | 63 (5.1) | 49 (5.0) | 14 (5.6) | |||
| Postoperative | 46 (3.7) | 39 (4.0) | 7 (2.8) | |||
| Others | 236 (19.2) | 201 (20.5) | 35 (14) | |||
| Glycemic control metrics | ||||||
| The number of BG tests per day | 3 [3, 3] | 3 [3, 3] | 3 [3, 3] | 0.89 | ||
| Mean blood glucose, mg/dL | 155 [136, 181] | 149 [134, 170] | 199 [161, 225] | <0.001 | ||
| Coefficient of variation, % | 31.2 [20, 50] | 28.6 [19, 43] | 52.7 [30, 79] | <0.001 | ||
| Time above 220 mg/dL, % | 0 [0, 20] | 0 [0, 11] | 31.3 [4, 48] | <0.001 | ||
| Hypoglycemia <70 mg/dL | 116 (9.4) | 82 (8.4) | 34 (13.6) | 0.02 | ||
| Hypoglycemia <40 mg/dL | 54 (4.4) | 35 (3.6) | 19 (7.6) | 0.009 | ||
| Time in range 70–180 mg/dL, % | 80.7 [53, 93] | 85.7 [65, 95] | 41.8 [27, 76] | <0.001 | ||
| Time in range 70–180 mg/dL ≥80% | 644 (52.4) | 586 (59.8) | 58 (23.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Outcomes | ||||||
| ICU length-of-stay, days | 6 [4, 10] | 6 [4, 10] | 6 [4, 10] | 0.48 | ||
| Hospital length-of-stay, days | 20 [11, 41] | 20.5 [11, 41] | 18.5 [10, 38] | 0.49 | ||
| 28-day mortality | 304 (24.7) | 224 (22.9) | 80 (32.0) | 0.004 | ||
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). The P values are not adjusted for multiple comparisons.
APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; BG, Blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ICU, Intensive care unit.