Table 4.
Associations of number of adverse childhood events (ACE)a and age at initiation of opioid use behaviors among young adult opioid users in New York City, 2014–16.
| Opioid use behaviorb | Odds ratios for younger age at drug initiation Referent=age in top 75th percentile | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)c | AOR (95% CI)d | |
| Non-medical PO use | 1.22 (1.12, 1.32) | 1.23 (1.12, 1.43) |
| Snorted PO | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) | 1.16 (1.05, 1.28) |
| Regular PO use | 1.20 (1.09, 1.32) | 1.22 (1.10, 1.36) |
| Heroin use | 1.20 (1.07, 1.43) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.32) |
| Regular heroin use | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.25) |
| Injected heroin | 1.15 (1.05, 1.27) | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) |
| Injected PO | 1.18 (1.03, 1.35) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) |
a
ACE modeled as ordinal variable with range 0–10.
b
PO, prescription opioid.
c
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; estimates represent the increase in odds of initiating drug use at younger age (bottom 25th percentile) for every 1-unit increase in ACE number.
d
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; multivariable models include gender and age.