TABLE 1.
Characteristics of proteins belonging to VIP family.
| Old/New Name* | Vip1/Vpb1 | Vip2/Vpa2 | Vip3/Vip3 | Vip4/Vpb4 |
| Total number in database | 14 | 21 | 110 | 6 |
| Gene Length | 4 to 5 kb separated by 4–16 bp intergenic spacer | ∼2.4 kb | ∼2.9 kb | |
| Signal peptide (aa) | 35 | 50 | 12–188 | 1–28 |
| Protoxin Protein size (kDa) | 100 | 52 | 89 | ∼ 108 |
| Active Protein size (kDa) | 82 | 45 | 62–66 along with N-terminus 19 kDa | NA |
| Amino Acids (aa) | 881 | 462 | 787–789 | 937–965 |
| Domain | Binary_ToxB exotoxin bacterial domain | (1) N-terminal (60–265 aa) (2) NAD-binding domain (266–461 aa) | (1) Domain I (1–199 aa): essential for activity; (2) Domain II (200–325): Stabilization of oligomer; Domain III (328–536 aa): interacts with domain I; Domain IV and V: Carbohydrate binding motifs |
Vpb4Aa1 (1) PA14 domain, (2) BinaryTox B domain Vpb4Da2 (1) PA14 domain; (2) Binary_Tox B (3) Binary ToxB_2 and (4) Binary Tox_3 domains |
| Conserved domain name | pfam07691, pfam03495, pfam17475, pfam17476 | cd00233 | pfam12495, pfam02018 | pfam07691, pfam03495, pfam17475, pfam17476 |
| PDB code | 6SMS | 1QS2 | 6V1V | 6SMS |
| Mode of Action | A+ B type binary toxins: B (Vip1/Vpb1) as Receptor binding domain and A Vip2/Vpa2) as Cytotoxic domain with ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and inhibiting polymerization of actin filaments (Disintegration of insect cytoskeletion) | Apoptosis/Pore formation | NA | |
| Target pest/Insect order | Hemipteran and Coleopteran | Lepidopteran | Vpb4Da2 against Western corn root worm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) (Yin et al., 2020) | |
| Transgenic Crop | NA | Maize and Cotton (Commercially available) | Maize | |
| References | Warren et al. (1998); Shi et al. (2007); Sattar and Maiti (2011); Bi et al. (2015); Chakroun et al. (2016); Crickmore et al. (2020) | Estruch et al. (1996); Lee et al. (2003); Rang et al. (2005); Ruiz de Escudero et al., 2014; Zack et al. (2017); Chakrabarty et al. (2020); Crickmore et al. (2020); Núñez-Ramírez et al. (2020) | Palma et al. (2014); Chakroun et al. (2016); Yin et al. (2020); Crickmore et al. (2020) | |
*As per new nomenclature assigned by Bt nomenclature committee and available as pesticidal protein database (www.bpprc.org).