TABLE 3.
Chimeric Vip3A proteins alone or in combination with Cry proteins and effects on insecticidal activity against target pests.
| S. No. | Modified/Interactive protein combination | Proteins involved | Technique used | Effect on toxicity | References |
| 1. | Vip3AcAa | Vip3Ac1 (N-terminal) Vip3Aa1 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | Ostrinia nubilalis (GIA); S. frugiperda, H. zea, and Bombax mori (IIA); Cry1Ac resistant strain of Trichoplusia ni (GIA) | Fang et al. (2007) |
| 2. | Vip3AaAc | Vip3Aa1 (N-terminal) Vip3Ac1 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | S. frugiperda and H. zea (RIA); Bombax mori (LIA) | Fang et al. (2007) |
| 3. | Cry1Ac-Vip3 | Cry1Ac Vip3Aa14 | Protein fusion | H. armigera and P. xylostella (EIA as Cry1Ac); S. litura (RIA compared to Vip3Aa14) | Saraswathy et al. (2008) |
| 4. | Cry1C-Vip3 | Cry1C (promoter) Vip3Aa7 (truncated) Cry1C (C-terminal) | Protein fusion and change in promoter of gene | P. xylostella, H. armigera, and S. exigua (RIA) | Song et al. (2008) |
| 5 | Cry9C-Vip3 | Cry9Ca (N-terminal) Vip3Aa7 | Protein fusion | P. xylostella (IIA) | Dong et al. (2012) |
| 6 | Cry1Ac-Vip3 | Cry1Ac (N-terminal) Vip3Aa16 | Protein fusion | E. kuehniella (IIA) | Sellami et al. (2018) |
| 7 | Vip3Ab1-740 | Vip3Ab1 (C-terminal) | Modified 177 aa at C-terminal | S. frugiperda (EIA); S. eridania (GIA); | Bowling et al. (2019) |
| 8 | Vip3A-Vip3C (Vip3_ch1) | Vip3Ca2 (N-terminal) Vip3Aa45 (Central Domain) Vip3Aa45 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | O. furnacalis, Anticarsia gemmatalis (LIA); S. frugiperda, S. littoralis, M. brassicae, H. armigera (RIA) comparative to Vip3Aa | Gomis-Cebolla et al. (2020) |
| 9 | Vip3A-Vip3C (Vip3_ch2) | Vip3Aa45 (N-terminal) Vip3Ca2 (Central Domain) Vip3Ca2 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | S. frugiperda (IIA compared to Vip3Ca) O. furnacalis, M. brassicae, A. gemmatalis (RIA) | Gomis-Cebolla et al. (2020) |
| 10 | Vip3A-Vip3C (Vip3_ch4) Double chimeric | Vip3Ca2 (N-terminal) Vip3Aa45 (Central Domain) Vip3Ca2 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | S. frugiperda, S. littoralis, S. exigua, A. gemmatalis, H. armigera, M. brassicae (LIA) | Gomis-Cebolla et al. (2020) |
| 11 | Vip3A-Vip3C (Vip3_ch5) | Vip3Aa45 (N-terminal) Vip3Aa45 (Central Domain) Vip3Ca2 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | S. frugiperda, S. littoralis, S. exigua, A. gemmatalis, H. armigera, M. brassicae, O. furnacalis (NIA) | Gomis-Cebolla et al. (2020) |
| 12 | Vip3_ch1 | Vip3Ca2 (N-terminal) Vip3Aa45 (Central Domain) Vip3Aa45 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | A. ipsilon (RIA) comparative to Vip3Aa19 | Yan et al. (2020) |
| 13 | Vip3_ch4 | Vip3Ca2 (N-terminal) Vip3Aa45 (Central Domain) Vip3Ca2 (C-terminal) | Domain Swapping | A. ipsilon (RIA) comparative to Vip3Aa19 | Yan et al. (2020) |
GIA, gain of insecticidal activity; IIA, increase in insecticidal activity; RIA, reduction insecticidal activity; LIA, lost insecticidal activity; EIA, equal insecticidal activity; NIA, no insecticidal activity.