Figure 1.

Bioprinting process and techniques. (A) The typical workflow of bioprinting starts with the choosing the right type of cells, then culturing cells and preparing the bio-ink, printing the desired cell-laden scaffold, and finally used for transplantation, drug testing, or in vitro studies. (B) Inkjet bioprinters produce small droplets of hydrogel and cells in a sequential manner to construct tissues. (C) Laser-assisted bioprinters focuses a light source onto a donor layer (top) which propels the cells onto the print (arrow indicates direction of laser source). (D) Extrusion-based bioprinting produces a continuous supply of hydrogel and cells. (E) Stereolithography bioprinting uses digital light sources to selectively crosslink bio-inks layer by layer (arrows indicate direction of projected light). Reprinted with permission from Biotechnol. Adv. (Mandrycky et al., 2016), c 2021.