Table 6.
Synthesis of Modified Lignin Nanoparticles.
| Modifier | Methods | Lignin Source | Solvent | Diameter (nm) |
Morphology | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetyl bromide | H2O- precipitation |
alkali lignin | THF | 110 | colloidal spheres | self- assembly |
[87] |
| (diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate |
CO2/N2 -dispersion/ precipitation |
DMF/ H2O |
237–404 | nanoparticle | dispersion flocculation |
[3] | |
| allyl bromide trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) |
mini emulsion polymerization |
sodium lignosulfonate | butyl acetate/hexadecane/H2O | 50–400 | spherical nanocapsule | oil/water interface cross-linking | [89] |
| methacrylic anhydride | kraft lignin | DMF/ hexadecane |
250–2000 | solid core-shell porous |
free radical polymerization | [91] | |
| epichlorohydrin | microemulsification | alkali lignin | octane/H2O | 90–1000 | submicron colloidal |
oil/water interface cross-linking | [90] |
| formaldehyde | HCl- precipitation |
sarkand grass lignin | NaOH/H2O | 200 | nanoparticle | self-assembly | [92] |