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. 2021 May 19;10(10):2191. doi: 10.3390/jcm10102191

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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TGF-β1-mediated EMT induced upregulation of immune modulators in HuCCT-1 cells. qRT-PCR analysis revealed the upregulation in the expression of (A) TGF-β and (B) TNF-α in HuCCT-1 spheres compared with parent adherent cells. (C–H) qRT-PCR showed epithelial markers E-Cad, Occludin and KRT19 were decreased, and mesenchymal markers N-cad, Fibronectin and Slug were increased after 72 h of TGF-β1 treatment in HuCCT-1 cells. (I–J) qRT-PCR demonstrated elevated expression of immune modulators NT5E and PD-L1 upon 72 h of TGF-β1 treatment in HuCCT-1 cells. Values are mean ± SD of three experiments in triplicate (* p < 0.05, *** p < 0.005, **** p < 0.001, ns: not significant). ActB: β-Actin.