Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the overall SLE cohort and associations with SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity
| Overall SLE cohort (n=329) | SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive patients (n=51) | SARS-CoV-2 antibody-negative patients (n=278) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 309 (94%) | 48 (94%) | 261 (94%) | |
| Male | 20 (6%) | 3 (6%) | 17 (6%) | |
| Age, years | 43·1 (14·0) | 43·2 (15·7) | 43·1 (13·8) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic* | 91 (28%) | 24 (47%) | 67 (24%) | |
| Not Hispanic | 238 (72%) | 27 (53%) | 211 (76%) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 145 (44%) | 25 (49%) | 120 (43%) | |
| Black | 108 (33%) | 18 (35%) | 90 (32%) | |
| Asian | 51 (16%) | 4 (8%) | 47 (17%) | |
| Other | 25 (8%) | 4 (8%) | 21 (8%) | |
| History of lupus nephritis | 161 (49%) | 24 (47%) | 137 (49%) | |
| Medications | ||||
| Immunosuppressants† | 183 (56%) | 30 (59%) | 153 (55%) | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 271 (82%) | 44 (86%) | 227 (82%) | |
| Glucocorticoid | 101 (31%) | 17 (33%) | 84 (30%) | |
| Dose of prednisone equivalent, mg | 5 (5–10) | 5 (5–9) | 5 (5–10) | |
| Mean hybrid SLEDAI | 3·0 (4·4); n=177 | 2·9 (4·0); n=26 | 3·0 (4·4); n=151 | |
| Mean SLICC Damage Index | 1·2 (1·5); n=121 | 1·9 (2·2); n=22 | 1·0 (1·3); n=99 | |
| History of antiphospholipid antibodies | 74/269 (28%) | 12/37 (32%) | 62/232 (27%) | |
Data are n (%) or n/N (%) for categorical variables and mean (SD) or median (IQR) for continuous variables. Categorical variables compared with Fisher's exact test; continuous variables compared with Mann Whitney U test. SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus. SLEDAI=Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. SLICC=Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics.
*
p=0·0010, Fisher's exact test.
†
Immunosuppressants include azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, belimumab, tacrolimus, tofacitinib, cyclophosphamide, obinutuzumab, and rituximab.