Table 1. – Drugs used for heart rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. Adapted from ESC Scientific Document Group.84 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893-2962.

Drugs most frequently used for heart rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation
		Dose	Adverse effects
Beta blockers	Metoprolol	100 to 200 mg/day	Lethargy, headache, edema, respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal alterations, dizziness, atrioventricular block, hypotension
	Nebivolol	2.5 to 10 mg/day
	Bisoprolol	1.25 to 20 mg/day
	Carvedilol	3.125 to 50 mg, twice a day
Calcium channel blockers	Diltiazem	60 mg, three times a day (maximum dose 360 mg/day)	Dizziness, malaise, lethargy, headache, edema, gastrointestinal alterations, atrioventricular block, hypotension
	Verapamil	40 to 120 mg, three times a day (maximum dose 480 mg/day)
Digoxin		0.0625 to 0.25 mg/day	Gastrointestinal alterations, dizziness, blurred vision, headache, proarrhythmic effects in toxic doses