Table 1.
Means and standard deviations for disordered eating symptoms, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem
| Full sample n = 1,748 |
College n = 637 |
Adolescents n = 1,111 |
Males n = 757 |
Females n = 991 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| EDE-Q clinical thresholda | 325 (18.60) | 215 (19.40) | 110 (17.30) | 103 (13.60) | 222 (22.40) | |
| Recurrent eating disorder behaviorb | ||||||
| Binging | 390 (22.80) | 168 (26.70) | 222 (20.30) | 156 (20.70) | 234 (23.40) | |
| Self-induced vomiting | 58 (3.40) | 11 (1.80) | 47 (4.40) | 35 (4.50) | 23 (2.30) | |
| Laxative misuse | 88 (5.20) | 13 (2.30) | 75 (6.90) | 41 (5.40) | 47 (4.70) | |
| Over-exercise | 326 (18.70) | 74 (11.80) | 252 (23.0) | 151 (21.10) | 175 (17. 50) | |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | Min-max | |
| Age | 17.86 (3.96) | 21.89 (3.62) | 15.55 (1.59) | 17.53 (3.76) | 18.11 (4.09) | 12–54 |
| BMI | 21.53 (3.61) | 22.21 (3.49) | 21.15 (3.62) | 21.78 (3.79) | 21.35 (3.46) | 11.10–39.18 |
| Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire | ||||||
| Restraint | 1.64 (2.16) | 1.42 (2.06) | 1.78 (2.21) | 1.43 (2.07) | 1.81 (2.22) | 0–6 |
| Fasting | 0.87 (1.55) | 0.82 (1.53) | 0.89 (1.56) | 0.75 (1.48) | 0.95 (1.60) | 0–6 |
| Excluding food | 1.02 (1.75) | 0.93 (1.67) | 1.07 (1.79) | 0.90 (1.70) | 1.11 (1.78) | 0–6 |
| Food rules | 1.30 (1.87) | 1.31 (1.85) | 1.30 (1.88) | 1.27 (1.92) | 1.33 (1.83) | 0–6 |
| A desire to have an empty stomach | 0.96 (1.73) | 0.79 (1.57) | 1.07 (1.80) | 0.73 (1.50) | 1.14 (1.86) | 0–6 |
| A desire to have a flat stomach | 3.35 (2.56) | 3.23 (2.53) | 3.42 (2.57) | 3.19 (2.58) | 3.47 (2.54) | 0–6 |
| Difficulty concentrating because of thoughts of food | 0.98 (1.66) | 0.89 (1.52) | 1.03 (1.74) | 0.87 (1.56) | 1.06 (1.73) | 0–6 |
| Difficulty concentrating because of thoughts of weight/shape | 1.15 (1.81) | 1.02 (1.66) | 1.22 (1.89) | 1.06 (1.71) | 1.22 (1.88) | 0–6 |
| Fear of losing control over eating | 1.26 (1.97) | 1.15 (1.85) | 1.32 (2.03) | 0.88 (1.69) | 1.54 (2.12) | 0–6 |
| Fear of weight gain | 1.93 (2.34) | 1.75 (2.23) | 2.04 (2.40) | 1.44 (2.11) | 2.30 (2.44) | 0–6 |
| Feeling fat | 1.78 (2.28) | 1.70 (2.20) | 1.83 (2.33) | 1.39 (2.07) | 2.08 (2.39) | 0–6 |
| Desire to lose weight | 2.24 (2.63) | 1.91 (2.40) | 2.42 (2.73) | 1.88 (2.46) | 2.50 (2.72) | 0–6 |
| Eating in secret | 0.50 (1.15) | 0.34 (0.85) | 0.58 (1.28) | 0.57 (1.24) | 0.44 (1.07) | 0–6 |
| Feeling guilty after eating | 0.97 (1.56) | 0.93 (1.53) | 0.99 (1.58) | 0.77 (1.38) | 1.12 (1.67) | 0–6 |
| Concerns about others seeing one eat | 0.69 (1.37) | 0.54 (1.20) | 0.78 (1.45) | 0.72 (1.40) | 0.67 (1.34) | 0–6 |
| Overvaluation of weight | 1.83 (2.01) | 1.84 (1.97) | 1.83 (2.03) | 1.74 (2.03) | 1.91 (1.99) | 0–6 |
| Overvaluation of shape | 2.14 (2.12) | 2.28 (2.07) | 2.05 (2.14) | 2.10 (2.14) | 2.17 (2.10) | 0–6 |
| Upset with weighing oneself more than once a week | 1.27 (1.79) | 1.12 (1.62) | 1.36 (1.87) | 1.13 (1.72) | 1.38 (1.83) | 0–6 |
| Weight dissatisfaction | 2.08 (2.09) | 2.16 (2.02) | 2.02 (2.13) | 1.78 (1.96) | 2.30 (2.16) | 0–6 |
| Shape dissatisfaction | 2.09 (2.06) | 2.20 (1.95) | 2.02 (2.12) | 1.90 (1.98) | 2.23 (2.11) | 0–6 |
| Discomfort when seeing one’s own body | 1.67 (1.95) | 1.75 (1.84) | 1.62 (2.00) | 1.38 (1.78) | 1.90 (2.03) | 0–6 |
| Discomfort when others see one’s body | 1.50 (1.93) | 1.38 (1.75) | 1.57 (2.03) | 1.25 (1.73) | 1.69 (2.05) | 0–6 |
| Binging | 2.78 (5.22) | 2.88 (4.79) | 2.72 (5.45) | 2.66 (5.08) | 2.86 (5.32) | 0–50 |
| Self-induced vomiting | 0.37 (1.82) | 0.16 (0.79) | 0.50 (2.19) | 0.49 (1.91) | 0.29 (1.74) | 0–28 |
| Laxative misuse | 0.63 (2.66) | 0.34 (1.95) | 0.80 (2.98) | 0.65 (2.53) | 0.61 (2.75) | 0–28 |
| Over-exercise | 2.40 (5.51) | 1.45 (4.33) | 2.94 (6.02) | 2.56 (5.66) | 2.27 (5.40) | 0–30 |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | ||||||
| Feeling worthy | 1.66 (0.76) | 1.54 (0.62) | 1.73 (0.82) | 1.65 (0.78) | 1.67 (0.74) | 1–4 |
| Having good qualities | 1.55 (0.66) | 1.46 (0.55) | 1.60 (0.72) | 1.56 (0.69) | 1.54 (0.64) | 1–4 |
| Being capable | 1.72 (0.73) | 1.64 (0.67) | 1.77 (0.76) | 1.71 (0.75) | 1.72 (0.71) | 1–4 |
| Having a positive self-attitude | 1.72 (0.78) | 1.67 (0.73) | 1.75 (0.80) | 1.67 (0.75) | 1.77 (0.79) | 1–4 |
| Satisfaction with one’s self | 1.91 (0.84) | 1.91 (0.81) | 1.90 (0.86) | 1.87 (0.84) | 1.94 (0.85) | 1–4 |
| Not having much to be proud ofc | 1.93 (0.86) | 2.01 (0.81) | 1.88 (0.89) | 1.91 (0.87) | 1.94 (0.86) | 1–4 |
| Feeling like a failurec | 1.89 (0.85) | 1.95 (0.82) | 1.85 (0.87) | 1.85 (0.85) | 1.91 (0.85) | 1–4 |
| Wishing for more respect for one’s selfc | 2.25 (0.99) | 2.28 (0.96) | 2.23 (1.01) | 2.17 (1.00) | 2.30 (0.99) | 1–4 |
| Feeling uselessc | 1.88 (0.92) | 1.98 (0.88) | 1.82 (0.93) | 1.81 (0.92) | 1.93 (0.91) | 1–4 |
| Thinking one is no goodc | 1.88 (0.91) | 2.02 (0.89) | 1.80 (0.92) | 1.80 (0.90) | 1.94 (0.92) | 1–4 |
| Beck Depression Inventory–II | ||||||
| Sadness | 0.64 (0.80) | 0.64 (0.72) | 0.65 (0.84) | 0.51 (0.74) | 0.75 (0.83) | 0–3 |
| Pessimism | 0.70 (1.00) | 0.69 (0.96) | 0.71 (1.02) | 0.62 (0.93) | 0.76 (1.04) | 0–3 |
| Past failure | 0.62 (0.92) | 0.65 (0.91) | 0.60 (0.93) | 0.54 (0.88) | 0.68 (0.95) | 0–3 |
| Loss of pleasure | 0.69 (0.92) | 0.65 (0.87) | 0.71 (0.95) | 0.59 (0.85) | 0.76 (0.97) | 0–3 |
| Feeling guilty | 0.62 (0.84) | 0.56 (0.80) | 0.65 (0.86) | 0.55 (0.82) | 0.67 (0.85) | 0–3 |
| Feeling like one is being punished | 0.65 (0.96) | 0.62 (0.92) | 0.67 (0.98) | 0.60 (0.89) | 0.69 (1.00) | 0–3 |
| Self-dislike | 0.52 (0.88) | 0.47 (0.80) | 0.54 (0.92) | 0.44 (0.81) | 0.57 (0.92) | 0–3 |
| Self-criticism | 0.80 (0.94) | 0.85 (0.89) | 0.77 (0.96) | 0.70 (0.86) | 0.88 (0.98) | 0–3 |
| Suicidal ideation | 0.47 (0.84) | 0.34 (0.71) | 0.55 (0.90) | 0.42 (0.78) | 0.52 (0.88) | 0–3 |
| Crying | 0.75 (1.03) | 0.70 (1.02) | 0.77 (1.03) | 0.51 (0.93) | 0.92 (1.06) | 0–3 |
| Agitation | 0.60 (0.91) | 0.50 (0.82) | 0.66 (0.96) | 0.55 (0.90) | 0.63 (0.92) | 0–3 |
| Loss of interest | 0.78 (1.00) | 0.68 (0.90) | 0.83 (1.05) | 0.69 (0.97) | 0.84 (1.02) | 0–3 |
| Indecision | 0.61 (0.92) | 0.65 (0.91) | 0.59 (0.93) | 0.50 (0.84) | 0.70 (0.97) | 0–3 |
| Feeling worthless | 0.46 (0.85) | 0.43 (0.80) | 0.48 (0.87) | 0.43 (0.83) | 0.48 (0.86) | 0–3 |
| Loss of energy | 0.60 (0.86) | 0.59 (0.83) | 0.61 (0.88) | 0.51 (0.82) | 0.67 (0.88) | 0–3 |
| Sleep disturbance | 0.85 (0.89) | 0.77 (0.81) | 0.89 (0.93) | 0.79 (0.88) | 0.89 (0.90) | 0–3 |
| Irritability | 0.50 (0.81) | 0.41 (0.70) | 0.55 (0.87) | 0.54 (0.85) | 0.47 (0.79) | 0–3 |
| Changes in appetite | 0.89 (0.97) | 0.89 (0.94) | 0.89 (0.98) | 0.76 (0.90) | 0.99 (1.01) | 0–3 |
| Difficulty concentrating | 0.66 (0.86) | 0.66 (0.83) | 0.66 (0.88) | 0.57 (0.83) | 0.73 (0.88) | 0–3 |
| Tiredness | 0.73 (0.93) | 0.67 (0.84) | 0.77 (0.97) | 0.62 (0.88) | 0.82 (0.95) | 0–3 |
| Loss of interest in sex | 0.54 (0.86) | 0.45 (0.77) | 0.60 (0.91) | 0.52 (0.82) | 0.56 (0.90) | 0–3 |
Note: EDE-Q = Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire.
a.
The clinical threshold of the EDE-Q is a global score ≥ 2.5.
b.
Recurrent eating disorder behavior was defined as engaging in binging, self-induced vomiting, laxative misuse, and over exercise ≥ 4 times during the past 28 days.
c.
Items were reverse coded such that higher scores indicated lower self-esteem to facilitate ease of interpretation of the network model.