Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Variables | Late colonoscopy ( > 24 h) N = 447,805 (55 %) | Early colonoscopy ( ≤ 24 h) N = 366,842 (45 %) | Total N = 814,647 | P value | |
| Patient characteristic | Age 1 | 72 | 71 | 72 | < 0.001 |
| Female 1 | 237,823 (53) | 176,668 (48) | 414,491 (51) | < 0.001 | |
| Weekend admission 1 | 126,741 (28) | 74,579 (20) | 201,320 (25) | < 0.001 | |
| CCI [median; IQR] 1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 [1, 0–2] | 1.1± 0.1 [0, 0–2] | 1.2 ± 0.1 [1, 0–2] | < 0.001 1 | |
| Acute kidney injury 1 | 43,244 (10) | 22,963 (6) | 66,208 (8) | < 0.001 | |
| Race | White | 284,980 (68) | 233,415 (69) | 518,395 (69) | < 0.001 |
| Black | 77,789 (19) | 55,777 (17) | 133,566 (18) | ||
| Hispanic | 34,991 (8) | 28,005 (8) | 62,996 (8) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 8,899 (2) | 10,669 (3) | 19,568 (3) | ||
| Native American | 1,749 (0.4) | 1,380 (0.4) | 3,129 (0.4) | ||
| Other | 9,261 (2) | 7,620 (2) | 16,881 (2) | ||
| Insurance type | Medicare | 329,134 (74) | 255,182 (70) | 584,316 (72) | < 0.001 |
| Medicaid | 25,686 (6) | 17,275 (5) | 42,961 (5) | ||
| Private | 69,800 (16) | 74,325 (20) | 144,124 (18) | ||
| Self-pay | 13,117 (3) | 11,587 (3) | 24,704 (3) | ||
| No charge | 1,892 (0.4) | 1,440 (0.4) | 3,333 (0.4) | ||
| Other | 7,457 (2) | 6,606 (2) | 14,063 (2) | ||
| Hospital location | Urban location | 403,453 (90) | 330,115 (90) | 733,567 (90) | 0.707 |
| Teaching status | Teaching hospital | 198,701 (44) | 158,401 (43) | 357,102 (44) | 0.016 |
| Hospital region | Northeast | 125,767 (28) | 70,593 (19) | 196,359 (24) | < 0.001 |
| Midwest | 73,241 (16) | 71,032 (19) | 144,273 (18) | ||
| South | 184,921 (41) | 139,617 (38) | 324,537 (40) | ||
| West | 63,877 (14) | 85,601 (23) | 149,477 (18) | ||
| Hospital bed size | Small | 51,324 (12) | 46,679 (13) | 98,003 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Medium | 121,583 (27) | 97,990 (27) | 219,573 (27) | ||
| Large | 272,927 (61) | 220,170 (60) | 493,098 (61) | ||
| Resource utilization | ICU Admission | 2,867 (0.6) | 2,534 (0.7) | 5,401 (0.6) | 0.222 |
| Inpatient mortality | 2,863 (0.6) | 2,377 (0.7) | 5,240 (0.6) | 0.829 | |
| Length of Stay [median] | 4 | 2 | 3 | < 0.001 2 | |
| [Arithmetic mean] | 5.3 | 3.5 | 4.5 | < 0.001 | |
| [Geometric mean] | 4.3 | 2.7 | 3.6 | < 0.001 | |
| Cost [median; IQR] | 8,240; 5,745–12,445 | 6,093; 4,157–9,482 | 7,258; 4,928–11,255 | < 0.001 3 | |
| [Arithmetic mean] | 11,143 | 8,817 | 10,100 | < 0.001 | |
| [Geometric mean] | 8,559 | 6,613 | 7,739 | < 0.001 | |
| Blood transfusion 1 | 201,633 (45) | 143,127 (39) | 344,760 (42) | < 0.001 | |
| Colectomy/colostomy 1 | 7.973 (1.8) | 9,558 (2.6) | 17,531 (2.2) | < 0.001 | |
| EGD | 228,372 (51) | 144,451 (39) | 372,823 (46) | < 0.001 | |
| EGD timing 3 | |||||
| Early EGD | 71,706 (16) | 127,224 (35) | 198,930 (25) | < 0.001 | |
| Late EGD | 150,447 (34) | 11,473 (3) | 161,921 (20) | < 0.001 | |
% compared with weighted chi-square tests and continuous variables with weighted t-test, unless otherwise specified
CI, confidence interval; EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range.
1
Variables used for exact-matching analysis, which also matched same hospitals within the same year.
2
Tested with generalized linear model with log-transform under Poisson distribution.
3
Tested with generalized linear model with log-transform under Normal distribution.