Table 2.
In silico studies of alkaloids with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.
| Alkaloid | Chemical structure | Mechanisms of action | Type of study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (-)-asperlicin C |
|
3CLpro inhibitory, blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [70] |
| 3α,17α-Cinchophylline |
|
Cathepsin L inhibitor | Molecular docking | [72] |
| 10-Hydroxyusambarensine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49] |
| 18-Hydroxy-3-epi-alphayohimbine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] |
| 6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine |
|
RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [38] |
| Adlumidine |
|
TMPRSS2 inhibitors | Molecular docking | [72] |
| Ajmalicine |
|
Blocking Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [74] |
| Allocryptopine |
|
RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [38] |
| Alloyohimbine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] |
| Amaranthin |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [85] |
| Anisotine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [59] |
| Asparagamine A |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] |
| Berberine |
|
3CLpro inhibitory, blocking ACE2 and Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [10, 39, 74] |
| Cadambine |
|
3CLpro inhibitory | Molecular docking | [86] |
| Caffeine |
|
Blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [83] |
| Chrysopentamine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49] |
| Crambescidin 786 |
|
Blocking Nsp 10 | Molecular docking | [82] |
| Crambescidin 826 |
|
Blocking the N proteins | Molecular docking | [82] |
| Cryptomisrine |
|
Mpro and RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [50] |
| Cryptoquindoline |
|
Mpro and RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49, 50] |
| Cryptospirolepine |
|
Mpro and RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49, 50] |
| Dihydroergotamine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [63] |
| Epiisopiloturine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [90] |
| Ergometrine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [65] |
| Ergotamine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [63] |
| Fumigatoside E |
|
Blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [79] |
| Indican |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] |
| Indigo |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] |
| Indirubin |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] |
| Nicotine |
|
Blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [83] |
| Norquinadoline A |
|
Blocking ACE2 and PLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [80, 81] |
| Noscapine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [77] |
| Noscapine 23B |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [78] |
| Oriciacridone F |
|
3CLpro inhibitory, blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [70] |
| Oxoturkiyenine |
|
Cathepsin L inhibitor | Molecular docking | [72] |
| Palmatine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [66] |
| Papaverine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [65] |
| Piperine |
|
ACE2 blocker | Molecular docking | [39] |
| Protopine |
|
RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [38] |
| Pseudojervine |
|
ACE2 blocker | Molecular docking | [84] |
| Qingdainone |
|
Inhibitors of TMPRSS2 | Molecular docking | [72] |
| Reserpine |
|
Blocking the Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [74] |
| Sanguinarine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [66] |
| Solanidine |
|
Blocking the S proteins, Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [58] |
| Sophaline D |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [45] |
| Sophoridine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [62] |
| Speciophylline |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [86] |
| Tabersonine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [66] |
| Taspine |
|
Blocking Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [74] |
| Tetrahydropalmatine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [10] |
| Thalimonine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [45] |
| Thebaine |
|
ACE2 blocker | Molecular docking | [39] |
| Tryptanthrine |
|
Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] |
| Vincapusine |
|
3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] |
3CLpro: 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, E proteins: envelope proteins, Mpro: main proteases, NI: not identified, N proteins: nucleocapsid proteins, Nsp15: nonstructural proteins, RdRp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, S proteins: spike proteins, TMPRSS2: transmembrane protease serine 2.