Table 1.
Maternal nutritional and caloric restriction and its effect on offspring adiposity.
| Study | Species | Maternal diet | Diet duration | Offspring diet | Offspring sex | Offspring age | Adipose structure | Adipose molecular changes | Fetal/Birth weight changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashwell et al. [62] | Guinea pig | Control (Ad lib) Vs 50% caloric restriction | GD 30 until birth | NA | Not specified | Newborn | ↓WAT mass ↑BAT mass | NA | ↓ Birth weight |
| Bispham et al. [60] | Sheep | Nutrient requirement Vs control (Ad lib throughout) | GD 80–140 | NA | Not specified | GD 140 | ↓ Fetal weight | ||
| 60% Nutrient restriction Vs Control (Ad lib throughout) | GD 28–80 | ↑Adipose tissue | ↓ PPAR mRNA | ||||||
| 60% Nutrient restriction then to requirement Vs control (Ad lib throughout) | GD 28–140 | ↑↑Adipose tissue | ↑ PPAR mRNA and UCP2 mRNA | ||||||
| Budge et al. [65] | Sheep | 50% Nutrient requirement Vs control (100% requirement) | GD 10–45 | NA | Not specified | GD 145 | ↓ Perirenal adipose tissue | ↓ UCP1 mRNA in perirenal adipose tissue | ↔ Fetal weight |
| Budge et al. [65] | Sheep | 70% Nutrient requirement Vs control (100% requirements) | –GD60–GD 8 | NA | Not specified | GD143 | ↔Perirenal adipose weight | ↔ UCP1 mRNA | ↔ Fetal weight |
| 70% Nutrient requirement Vs control (100% requirements) | GD 8–Term | ↔ Perirenal adipose weight | ↔ UCP1 mRNA | ↓ Fetal weight | |||||
| 70% Nutrient requirement Vs control (100% requirements) | –GD60–Term | ↔ Perirenal adipose weight | ↑ UCP1 mRNA perirenal adipose tissue | ↔ Fetal weight | |||||
| Long et al. [61] | Cow | 70% Nutrient recommendation Vs control (100% nutrient recommendation) | GD45–GD 185 | Standard diet | Both | 16 months | ↑Adipocyte size in SAT, mesenteric and omental depots | ↑ FATP1 in SAT | ↔ Birth weight |
| Tchoukalova et al. [63] | Baboon | 70% Nutrient requirement Vs Control (Ad libitum) | GD 30–Term | NA | Both | GD 165 | ↑Adipocyte hypertrophy (males) | ↓TBX15 mRNA (female only) ↑ PPAR-γ and FABP4, UCP1, PGC-1α and COXIV in differentiated adipocytes in vitro (male only) | ↓ Fetal weight (male only) |
Ad Lib ad libitum feeding, BAT brown adipose tissue, GD gestational day, NA not applicable, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, VAT visceral adipose tissue, Vs versus, WAT white adipose tissue.