Table 3.
Maternal high fat and obesogenic diets and its effect on offspring adiposity.
| Study | Species | Maternal diet | Diet duration | Offspring diet | Offspring sex | Offspring age | Adipose structure | Adipose molecular | Whole body changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summerfield et al. [89] | Mice | HFD (60% kcal from fat) Vs normal diet (10% kcal from fat) | –GD84–GD63 | HFD for 12 weeks after weaning | Male | 15 weeks | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| HFD (60% kcal from fat) Vs normal diet (10% kcal from fat) | –GD 84–GD35 | ↑ Adipocyte hypertrophy ↑ Macrophage infiltration | ↑ Inflammatory cytokines | ↓ Glucose tolerance | |||||
| HFD (60% kcal from fat) Vs normal diet (10% kcal from fat) | –GD84–GD7 | ↑ Adipocyte hypertrophy ↑ Macrophage infiltration | ↑ Inflammatory cytokines | ↓ Glucose tolerance | |||||
| HFD (60% kcal from fat) Vs normal diet (10% kcal from fat) | –GD84–Weaning | ↑ Adipocyte hypertrophy ↑ Macrophage infiltration | ↑ Inflammatory cytokines | ↓ Glucose tolerance | |||||
| Chang et al. [92] | Mice | Normal fat diet (13% kcal fat) | –GD 42–GD 0 | Normal diet Vs HFD at 13 weeks of age | Male and female | 24 weeks | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ |
| HFD (60% Kcal fat) | Normal diet | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ Glucose tolerance (males only) | |||||
| HFD at 13 weeks of age | ↑ SAT (male only) | ↑ Increase CD11 macrophages (males only) | ↓ Glucose tolerance (males only) | ||||||
| Murabayashi et al. [91] | Mice | HFD (60 kcal% fat) Vs chow diet | –GD28–Birth | NA | Not specified | Newborn | ↑ Hypertrophic SAT | ↑CD68, CCR2, and TNF-α mRNA levels ↓ GLUT-4 mRNA | |
| Fernandez-Twinn et al. [93] | Mice | HFHS diet Vs chow diet | –GD43–End of second lactation | Chow diet | F2 male offspring | 8 weeks | NA | ↓IR, AKT1, AKT2, p110β, p85α and IRS-1 protein levels ↑ miR-126 | |
| Lemonnier et al. [96] | Mice | High-fat diet (40% fat) Vs normal diet | Confirmation of pregnancy–lactation | Same as respective maternal diet | Both | 32 weeks | ↑ Hyperplasia in perirenal AT (in males) ↑ Hyperplasia and hypertrophy in parametrial AT (in females) ↑ Hypertrophy in epididymal AT and SAT | NA | ↑ Body weight |
| Snajder et al. [94] | Rats | Chow diet | –GD 42–Weaning | Chow diet Vs high-fat diet | Male | 22 weeks old | ↑ Subcutaneous and epididymal adipocyte size | NA | NA |
| High-fat diet (rich in saturated fats) | Chow diet Vs high-fat diet | ↑ Subcutaneous and epididymal adipocyte size ↑ Number of adipocytes | NA | NA | |||||
| Lima et al. [90] | Rats | Normal fat diet (4% fat) vs high-fat diet (23% fat) | Conformation of pregnancy–Weaning | Lactation | Unspecified | 22 days of age | ↑ VAT | NA | ↑ Weight gain ↑ Total cholesterol |
| Raipuria et al. [95] | Rats | High-fat diet (43% fat) Vs chow diet | –GD 42–GD 0 | NA | Male and female | Day 19 | ↑ Adiposity | NA | ↑ Body weight |
| High-fat diet (43% fat) + exercise Vs chow diet + exercise | ↑ Adiposity | NA | ↑ Body weight |
Ad Lib ad libitum feeding, AT adipose tissue, BAT brown adipose tissue, GD gestational day, HFD high-fat diet, Kcal kilocalories, NA not applicable, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, VAT visceral adipose tissue, Vs versus, WAT white adipose tissue.