Table 5.
Maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors and its effect on offspring adiposity.
| Study | Species | Maternal manipulation | Duration | Offspring diet | Offspring sex | Offspring age | Adipose structure | Adipose molecular | Whole body changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. [111] | Mouse | 30 mg/kg DEHP Vs control | –GD 2–Weaning | Chow | Male and female | 8 weeks | ↑ Adiposity ↑ Size of adipocytes in WAT ↑ Number of adipocytes in BAT | NA | |
| Hunt et al. [112] | Mouse | 0.05 mg/kg/day DEHP Vs control | GD0–Weaning | HFHS | 22 weeks | ↑ Adipogenesis | NA | ↑ Insulin sensitivity | |
| Malaise et al. [113] | Mouse | 50 μg/kg BW/day of BPA Vs control | GD 15–Weaning | Chow | Males | 170 days old | ↑ Infiltration of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in gonadal WAT | NA | ↓ Insulin sensitivity ↑ Weight gain |
| Neier et al. [114] | Mouse | Mediterranean HFD Vs control (7% corn oil control chow) | –GD14–Weaning | 7% corn oil control chow | Male and female | 10 months | NA | ↑ Oxidative stress in mWAT | |
| Western HFD Vs control (7% corn oil control chow) | NA | ↔ | |||||||
| 7% corn oil control chow +50 μg BPA/kg Vs control (7% corn oil control chow) | NA | ↑↑ Oxidative stress in mWAT | |||||||
| Mediterranean HFD + 50 μg BPA/kg chow Vs Mediterranean HFD | NA | ↑↑ Oxidative stress in mWAT | |||||||
| Western HFD + 50 μg BPA/kg chow Vs HFD | NA | ↑↑ Oxidative stress in mWAT | |||||||
| Somm et al. [110] | Rats | 1 mg/L BPA in water Vs control | GD6–Weaning | NA | Males and females | 21 days old | ↑ Parametrial WAT weight ↑Adipocyte hypertrophy | ↑ C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ SREBP-1C, LPL, FAS, and SCD-1 | ↑ Body weight (in females) |
| Desia et al. [106] | Rats | BPA (5 mg/l in water) Vs control | –GD14–Weaning | Chow | Male and female | 1 week, 3 weeks, and 24 weeks | ↑ Adiposity in males Hypertrophic adipocytes | At 1 week ↑ PPARγ (in males) At 3 weeks ↑C/EBPα, SREBP1, CD68, TNFα (in males) | ↑ Body weight (in males) |
Ad Lib ad libitum feeding, BAT brown adipose tissue, BPA bisphenol A, BW body weight, DEHP Di-2-ethylexyl phalate, GD gestational day, HFD high-fat diet, HFHS high fat high sugar diet, NA not applicable, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue, VAT visceral adipose tissue, Vs versus, WAT white adipose tissue.