Fig. 2.

Dock4 KO mice display elevated anxiety and impaired learning and memory. a–c WT, HET, and KO mice were tested in an elevated zero-maze, and the following variables were measured and analyzed: (a) Total distance traveled; (b) duration (% of total time) spent in open sections; and (c) number of entries into open sections. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s Multiple Comparison Test. (d) Novel object recognition memory of WT, HET, and KO mice was examined at 24 h after training. Female KO mice showed aberrant recognition memory. F, familiar object; N, novel object. ***P < 0.001, ns, no significant, unpaired t test. e, f Alternation (e) and number (f) of arm entries of WT, HET, and KO mice during 8 min of free exploration in Y-maze test. ***P < 0.001, unpaired t test. g, h Duration (g) and number of entries (h) in novel or familiar arm, measured for WT, HET, and KO mice in 5-min trials in Y-maze. F, familiar arm; N, novel arm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns, no significant, unpaired t test. n values of each group are displayed on the corresponding bars of the bar charts. Error bars: SEM