Table 2. Effects of in vitro 1,25(OH)2D treatment on inflammatory responses in monocytes/macrophages.
| Cell type | Treatment dose (duration) | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human monocyte (PBMC) | 0.01–100 nM (12, 24, 48, 72 hours) | • Reduced TLR2, TLR4 protein and mRNA | Sadeghi et al.74 |
| • Inhibited NF-κB/RelA translocation | |||
| PBMC | 100 nM (24, 48, 72 hours) | • Down-regulated TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expression | Dickie et al.75 |
| • Decreased IL-6 production | |||
| PBMC | 0.1–10 nM (24 hours) | • Decreased IL-6 and TNF-α production | Zhang et al.76 |
| • Increased MKP-1 | |||
| Murine macrophage cells (P388D1) | 100 nM (16 hours preincubation) | • Decreased NF-κB-p65 protein levels in the nucleus | Cohen-Lahav et al.77 |
| • Increased NF-κB-p65 protein levels in the cytosol | |||
| • Increased IκBα protein levels in cytosol | |||
| Human monocytic THP-1 cells | 10 nM (24 hours) | • Decreased IL1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels | Villaggio et al.78 |
| Mouse stromal vascular cell | 10 nM (24 hours) | • Decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 levels | Park et al.79 |
| • Increased Dusp1 and IkBa expression | |||
| PBMC | 48 hours after 1,25(OH)2D3 | • Decreased proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6) production | Neve et al.80 |
| Stimulation (10−7–10−11 M) |
1,25(OH)2D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; TLR, Toll-like receptor; NF, nuclear factor; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; MKP-1, MAPK phosphatase-1; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein.