Table 3. Effects of in vitro (or ex vivo) 1,25(OH)₂D treatment on inflammatory responses in preadipocyte/adipocyte.

Cell type	Treatment (dose, duration)	Effects	Reference
Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and human adipocytes	10 nM (48 hours)	• Increased Il6 and Tnfα expression in 3T3-L1	Sun and Zemel64
		• Increased IL6 and IL8 expression in human adipocytes
Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (co-cultured with RAW 264.7 cell) and human adipocytes	10 nM (48 hours)	• Increased CD14, MIF expression in human adipocytes	Sun and Zemel84
		• Increased Mcsf, Mcp, Tnfα, Il6, and Mcp1 expression in 3T3-L1
Preadipocytes isolated from human subcutaneous WAT	100 nM (24, 48 hours)	• Reduced CCL2 expression	Lorente-Cebrian et al.85
		• Reduced MCP-1 and adiponectin production
3T3-L1 cells (co-culture with RAW 264.7 cell) and human preadipocytes	1, 10, 100 nM (24 hours)	• Decreased IL-6, MCP-1, IL-1b mRNA levels	Marcotorchino et al.86
		• Decreased IL-6, MCP-1 production
Human preadipocytes derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue	10 nM (24 hours)	• Reduced production of MCP-1, IL-8 and IL-6	Gao et al.87
		• Inactivated NF-κB by upregulation of IκBa
Human preadipocytes differentiated to mature adipocytes	0.01, 10 nM (48 hours)	• Reduced MCP1, IL8, RANTES, IL6, and IL1β expression	Ding et al.88
3T3-L1 cells, human adipocytes	1, 100 nM (48 hours)	• Decreased chemokine mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 and human adipocyte	Karkeni et al.89
Mouse epididymal adipose tissue	0.1, 1, 10, 100 nM (24, 48 hours)	• Reduction of leptin secretion and mRNA levels	Kong et al.63
Human visceral adipose tissue	100 nM (12 hours)	• Alleviated oxidative stress in VAT and vascular preparations and also improved the vascular function	Ionica et al.90

1,25(OH)₂D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; MIF, macrophage inhibitory factor; MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; IL, interleukin; NF, nuclear factor; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.