Table 1.

Main causes of hyperprolactinemia

Physiological	Pregnancy, breastfeeding, nipple stimulation, exercise, acute stress, venipuncture.
Pathological	Pituitary: prolactinoma, co-secreting GH-PRL adenoma, non-secreting adenoma, stalk effect from sellar/parasellar mass, empty sella, lymphocitic hyopophysitis, Rahtke’s cyst, irradiation, infiltrative disorders, head trauma.
	Systemic disease: renal failure, primary hypothyroidism, PCOS, cirrhosis, chest lesions.
Pharmacological	Antipsychotics/neuroleptics, antidepressants, antihypertensive, antiemetics, opioids.

Adapted from ref. [1]