Table 2.
Associations between maternal hypertensive disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in offspring
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined | Denmark | Sweden | ||||
| Cases (No.) | aHRa (95% CI) | Cases (No.) | aHRa (95% CI) | Cases (No.) | aHRa (95% CI) | |
| Maternal hypertensive disorders | ||||||
| No hypertensive disorders | 89,881 | 1.00 (ref) | 31,629 | 1.00 (ref) | 58,252 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Hypertensive disorders | 4595 | 1.24 (1.20–1.28) | 1629 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | 2966 | 1.23 (1.18–1.27) |
| Chronic hypertension | 584 | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 261 | 1.04 (0.91–1.17) | 323 | 1.36 (1.22–1.52) |
| Gestational hypertension | 829 | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 259 | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 570 | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) |
| Pre-eclampsia | 3182 | 1.27 (1.23–1.32) | 1109 | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) | 2073 | 1.23 (1.18–1.29) |
| By timing of pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| Early-onset | 506 | 1.77 (1.62–1.94) | 230 | 1.51 (1.32–1.72) | 276 | 1.94 (1.71–2.19) |
| Late-onset | 2676 | 1.21 (1.16–1.26) | 879 | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | 1797 | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) |
| By severity of pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| Moderate | 2223 | 1.22 (1.17–1.27) | 822 | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | 1401 | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) |
| Severe | 959 | 1.41 (1.32–1.51) | 287 | 1.48 (1.31–1.66) | 672 | 1.35 (1.24–1.46) |
| By timing # severity | ||||||
| Early-onset # Severe pre-eclampsia | 329 | 1.93 (1.73–2.16) | 114 | 1.84 (1.53–2.22) | 215 | 1.88 (1.64–2.16) |
| Early-onset # Moderate pre-eclampsia | 177 | 1.54 (1.32–1.79) | 116 | 1.28 (1.06–1.54) | 61 | 2.16 (1.67–2.80) |
| Late-onset # Severe pre-eclampsia | 630 | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) | 173 | 1.30 (1.12–1.52) | 457 | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) |
| Late-onset # Moderate pre-eclampsia | 2046 | 1.20 (1.15–1.25) | 706 | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 1340 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) |
aHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, No. number
aAdjusted for sex, calendar year, parity, maternal age, maternal education, maternal cohabitation at birth, maternal history of psychiatric disorders before childbirth