Table 3.
Associations between maternal hypertensive disorders and autism spectrum disorders in offspring
| Autism spectrum disorders | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined | Denmark | Sweden | ||||
| Cases (No.) | aHRa (95% CI) | Cases (No.) | aHRa (95% CI) | Cases (No.) | aHRa (95% CI) | |
| Maternal hypertensive disorders | ||||||
| No hypertensive disorders | 50,190 | 1.00 (ref) | 22,536 | 1.00 (ref) | 27,654 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Hypertensive disorders | 2877 | 1.29 (1.24–1.34) | 1306 | 1.23 (1.16–1.30) | 1571 | 1.30 (1.24–1.37) |
| Chronic hypertension | 388 | 1.18 (1.07–1.31) | 236 | 1.19 (1.05–1.36) | 152 | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) |
| Gestational hypertension | 508 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 207 | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 301 | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) |
| Pre-eclampsia | 1981 | 1.36 (1.30–1.42) | 863 | 1.29 (1.20–1.38) | 1118 | 1.36 (1.28–1.45) |
| By timing of pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| Early-onset | 313 | 1.74 (1.55–1.95) | 163 | 1.42 (1.21–1.66) | 150 | 2.13 (1.81–2.52) |
| Late-onset | 1668 | 1.30 (1.24–1.37) | 700 | 1.26 (1.17–1.36) | 968 | 1.29 (1.21–1.38) |
| By severity of pre-eclampsia | ||||||
| Moderate | 1413 | 1.33 (1.26–1.40) | 665 | 1.28 (1.18–1.39) | 748 | 1.30 (1.21–1.41) |
| Severe | 568 | 1.44 (1.33–1.57) | 198 | 1.31 (1.14–1.51) | 370 | 1.50 (1.35–1.67) |
| By timing # severity | ||||||
| Early-onset # severe pre-eclampsia | 189 | 1.86 (1.61–2.15) | 68 | 1.44 (1.13–1.83) | 121 | 2.16 (1.79–2.59) |
| Early-onset # moderate pre-eclampsia | 124 | 1.58 (1.33–1.89) | 95 | 1.40 (1.14–1.72) | 29 | 2.05 (1.40–2.99) |
| Late-onset # severe pre-eclampsia | 379 | 1.30 (1.17–1.44) | 130 | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 249 | 1.31 (1.15–1.49) |
| Late-onset # moderate pre-eclampsia | 1289 | 1.31 (1.23–1.38) | 570 | 1.26 (1.16–1.38) | 719 | 1.29 (1.19–1.39) |
aHR adjusted hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, No. number
aAdjusted for sex, calendar year, parity, maternal age, maternal education, maternal cohabitation at birth, maternal history of psychiatric disorders before childbirth