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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2021 Mar 23;234:117979. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117979

Table 1.

Primary Neuroimaging Results.

Region Laterality Cluster Size Peak X Peak Y Peak Z Max stat Z P Cluster Corrected
GambleReward − GamblePenalty
Occipital Lobe Bilateral 5612 16 −84 2 4.71 < .001
Premotor Cortex(BA 6) Left 239 −44 −4 44 4.97 < .001
Anterior Cingulate(BA 8) Bilateral 50† −8 16 46 3.59 < .01*
GamblePenalty − GambleReward
Posterior Insula(BA 13) Right 693 48 −18 6 4.62 < .001
Posterior Insula(BA 13) Left 248 −62 −20 6 4.49 < .001
GambleReward − SureThing
Putamen/ PosteriorInsula (BA 49/13) Left 323 −34 6 0 4.46 < .001
Thalamus (BA 50) Right 167 22 −20 12 4.22 =.005
Cerebellar Lobule VI Right 142 12 −70 −12 4.21 = .012
SureThing − GambleReward
None none none none none none none none
SureThing − GamblePenalty
Parietal (BA 39) Right 483 34 −58 44 4.59 <.001
Occipital (BA 18) Right 325 36 −84 −8 4.48 <.001
Occipital (BA 17) Bilateral 1681 12 −72 12 4.27 <.001
Parietal (BA 40) Right 113 48 −40 48 3.85 =.034
Anterior Cingulate (BA 8) Bilateral 55† 6 20 40 3.58 =.007*
GamblePenalty − SureThing
Putamen/ Posterior Insula (BA 49/13) Left 2413 −26 8 2 6.27 <.001
Putamen/Posterior Insula (BA 49/13) Right 3856 26 −4 8 6.19 <.001
Cingulate Gyrus(BA 32) Right 205 10 8 32 5.66 <.001
Inferior Parietal Lobe (BA 40) Left 3333 −50 −26 20 5.19 <.001
Postcentral Gyrus (BA 1) Right 808 30 −38 52 4.91 <.001
CerebellarLobule V Right 293 16 −52 −22 4.78 <.001
Middle Frontal White Matter(BA 9) Left 129 −24 36 20 3.95 =.19
Cerebellar Crus II Bilateral 240 −16 −74 −38 3.87 =.001
Precentral Gyrus (BA 6) Right 116 24 −14 58 3.81 =.030
GambleReward + GamblePenalty − Surething
Superior Parietal Lobe (BA3/4) Left 1568 −38 −34 54 5.97 < .001
Putamen (BA 49) Right 1009 26 −4 8 5.86 < .001
Putamen/Posterior Insula (BA 49/13) Left 1486 −30 8 2 5.83 < .001
Cingulate Cortex (BA 32) Right 109 10 10 30 4.60 = .002
Cingulate Cortex (BA 32) Left 158 −10 14 30 4.45 < .001
Inferior Parietal (BA 22) Right 482 50 −36 20 4.21 < .001
Cerebellar Lobules V/IV Right 119 28 −44 −30 4.19 = .025
Middle Temporal Gyrus (BA 21) Right 115 50 −36 −6 4.12 = .030
Precuneous Cortex (BA 7) Right 232 10 −52 56 4.09 = .001
SureThing − GambleReward + GamblePenalty
Occipital (BA19) Right 266 38 −82 −10 4.35 < .001
Parietal (BA 39) Right 276 36 −54 40 4.24 < .001
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA 9) Right 125 40 30 20 4.02 = .020
Parietal (BA 40) Right 109 48 −40 48 3.85 = .037
Occipital (BA 17) Bilateral 152 8 −70 14 3.60 = .008
Correlation Findings
Region Laterality Cluster Size Peak X Peak Y Peak Z Max stat Z P Cluster Corrected
PercentGambleChosen and G-Reward − G-Penalty (negative loading)
Anterior Cingulate (BA 32) Bilateral 28† −2 24 28 3.54 =.03*
(G-Reward + G-PenaltyFixation)/STFixation and ST − G-Reward + G-Penalty
Superior Frontal Gyrus (BA 9) Right 138 4 50 36 4.46 =.011
(G-Reward + G-PenaltyFixation)/STFixation and ST − Saccade
Superior Frontal Gyrus (BA 9) Bilateral 152 6 50 36 4.33 =.013

BA = Brodmann Area.

† =

A minimum significant cluster size of 74 voxels at a whole brain level was determined using AFNI’s 3dClustSim (nearest neighbor=1, pthr=. 001, α=. 05).

* =

Small volume corrected using WFU PickAtlas Utilizing a mask of Brodmann’s area 24 and 32 (−2, 24, 28) with 0 < Y < 36 and Z > 5, with a dilation of 3mm. Correlations reported compare duration of percent of gamble chosen and duration of foveations by brain activation during foveations in the screen regions of interest (SROI)s during the task.

G-Reward=Gamble Reward, G-Penalty=Gamble Penalty, ST=Sure-Thing.