Table 2.
Characteristics of study population in North Carolina and Michigan
| Characteristics | NC | MI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entire cohort | Greenness | Entire cohort | Greenness | |||||
| Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |||
| Population | ||||||||
| Persons | 1,263,689 | 418,701 | 423,138 | 421,850 | 1,318,558 | 438,905 | 437,486 | 442,167 |
| Total deaths | 179,329 | 77,262 (43.1) | 61,322 (34.2) | 40,745 (22.7) | 187,802 | 99,369 (52.9) | 55,107 (29.3) | 33,326 (17.8) |
| Sex (n, %) | ||||||||
| Male | 590,491 | 194,456 (32.9) | 196,645 (33.3) | 199,390 (33.8) | 626,913 | 204,119 (32.6) | 207,807 (33.2) | 214,987 (34.3) |
| Female | 673,198 | 224,245 (33.3) | 226,493 (33.6) | 222,460 (33.1) | 691,645 | 234,786 (34.0) | 229,679 (33.2) | 227,180 (32.9) |
| Race/ethnicity (n, %) | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,002,786 | 301,553 (30.1) | 337,288 (33.6) | 363,945 (36.3) | 1,111,015 | 306,751 (27.6) | 390,603 (35.2) | 413,661 (37.2) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 209,785 | 93,990 (44.8) | 69,808 (33.3) | 45,987 (21.9) | 147,540 | 109,938 (74.5) | 26,195 (17.8) | 11,407 (7.7) |
| Others | 51,118 | 23,158 (45.3) | 16,042 (31.4) | 11,918 (23.3) | 60,003 | 22,216 (37.0) | 20,688 (34.5) | 17,099 (28.5) |
| Age at entry (mean, years) | 65.1 | 65.1 | 65.1 | 65.0 | 65.1 | 65.2 | 65.1 | 65.1 |
| Eligible for Medicaid (n, %) | 164,618 | 60,678 (36.9) | 53,361 (32.4) | 50,579 (30.7) | 123,194 | 62,827 (51.0) | 32,717 (26.6) | 27,650 (22.4) |
| Median household income (1000s of $) | 49.5 | 51.7 | 50.5 | 46.3 | 53.9 | 46.5 | 57.1 | 58.2 |
| Below poverty level (%) | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 8.1 | 10.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 |
| Population density (persons/mile2) | 703.6 | 1267.5 | 624.3 | 223.4 | 1603.5 | 3277.9 | 994.8 | 544.4 |
| Population (%) | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 7.8 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 3.0 |
| Black | 19.1 | 25.6 | 19.4 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 26.9 | 7.2 | 3.7 |
| Meteorological variables | ||||||||
| Temperature (°C) | 22.2 (1.5) | 22.6 (1.0) | 22.3 (1.4) | 21.7 (1.9) | 15.4 (1.4) | 15.5 (1.2) | 15.5 (1.4) | 15.1 (1.6) |
| Relative humidity (%) | 88.2 (2.5) | 87.6 (2.9) | 88.1 (2.1) | 89.0 (2.2) | 89.0 (3.1) | 87.2 (2.9) | 89.5 (2.6) | 90.3 (2.9) |
Greenness was divided in groups of low, medium, and high as tertiles; state-specific cutoffs for greenness group: low (<0.61), medium (0.61–0.65), and high (≥0.65) for NC; low (<0.45), medium (0.45–0.49), and high (≥0.49) for MI