Table 2.
Characteristics of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) sub-study population (N=448 mother-daughter dyads) by select persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
| Birth weight (g) |
PFOA (ng/mL) |
PCB153 (ng/g lipid) |
p,p’-DDE (ng/g lipid) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n (%)a | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) |
| Maternal race | |||||
| White | 423 (98) | 3420 (3140–3700) | 3.8 (2.9–4.8) | 64.8 (48.6–85.8) | 308 (193–490) |
| Non-white | 8 (2) | 2985 (2530–3740) | 2.3 (1.6–2.9) | 67.7 (47.4–95.1) | 620 (363–1635) |
| Maternal educationb | |||||
| <O-level | 75 (18) | 3490 (3180–3650) | 3.6 (2.8–4.5) | 59.7 (45.5–78.6) | 298 (184–472) |
| O-level | 140 (34) | 3420 (3100–3680) | 3.7 (2.9–5.0) | 55.9 (44.2–72.3) | 257 (166–460) |
| >O-level | 200 (48) | 3400 (3140–3720) | 3.9 (2.8–4.8) | 74.4 (57.8–95.6) | 384 (227–536) |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | |||||
| <25 kg/m2 (under/normal weight) | 313 (78) | 3400 (3100–3620) | 3.8 (2.8–4.8) | 69.0 (51.2–88.1) | 329 (194–513) |
| ≥25 kg/m2 (overweight/obese) | 89 (22) | 3560 (3200–3870) | 3.7 (3.0–4.8) | 57.2 (44.0–77.6) | 306 (211–541) |
| Prenatal smoking | |||||
| Any | 79 (19) | 3300 (2880–3560) | 3.4 (2.9–4.4) | 59.8 (46.0–74.3) | 283 (170–412) |
| None | 348 (81) | 3460 (3180–3740) | 3.8 (2.8–4.9) | 65.7 (48.9–87.5) | 323 (200–504) |
| Prenatal alcohol use | |||||
| Any | 215 (51) | 3420 (3140–3680) | 3.7 (2.8–4.6) | 71.5 (49.6–94.3) | 352 (218–549) |
| None | 208 (49) | 3400 (3080–3720) | 3.8 (2.9–4.9) | 60.5 (46.4–80.8) | 278 (176–469) |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Any | 252 (65) | 3420 (3120–3740) | 3.8 (2.9–5.0) | 65.2 (49.9–88.4) | 322 (203–504) |
| None | 133 (35) | 3390 (3100–3625) | 3.7 (2.9–4.7) | 66.3 (46.1–85.2) | 316 (187–533) |
| Maternal age at delivery | |||||
| <25 years | 92 (21) | 3360 (3070–3605) | 3.9 (3.0–4.8) | 44.2 (35.0–56.5) | 178 (136–292 |
| 25–29 years | 164 (37) | 3460 (3100–3760) | 3.8 (3.0–4.9) | 59.8 (48.1–74.1) | 289 (198–422) |
| ≥30 years | 189 (42) | 3420 (3140–3700) | 3.6 (2.5–4.6) | 81.9 (64.3–105.4) | 451 (283–620) |
| Child birth order | |||||
| First born | 208 (50) | 3320 (3015–3580) | 4.4 (3.4–5.4) | 63.9 (46.3–84.3) | 316 (198–513) |
| Second born or later | 211 (50) | 3500 (3240–3790) | 3.1 (2.4–4.0) | 66.9 (50.2–87.5) | 323 (193–497) |
| Child birth weight | |||||
| <2500 g | 17(4) | 2220 (2020–2340) | 4.1 (3.3–5.6) | 74.4 (60.0–102.8) | 461 (329–1390) |
| ≥2500 g | 423 (96) | 3430 (3160–3720) | 3.7 (2.8–4.8) | 63.7 (47.5–84.5) | 302 (185–487) |
| Preterm birth | |||||
| <37 weeks | 14(3) | 2421 (2100–2780) | 4.7 (2.8–5.6) | 69.7 (64.3–110.4) | 299 (226–614) |
| ≥37 weeks | 431 (97) | 3430 (3160–3720) | 3.7 (2.8–4.8) | 63.6 (47.9–85.4) | 311 (188–494) |
| Ponderal index | |||||
| <2.4 | 47 (13) | 3080 (2720–3440) | 3.4 (2.9–4.6) | 60.3 (44.9–87.2) | 283 (165–517) |
| ≥2.4 | 328 (87) | 3460 (3180–3740) | 3.8 (2.8–4.9) | 63.7 (48.6–84.5) | 311 (194–493) |
| Small for Gestational Age | |||||
| <10th percentile | 40 (9) | 2715 (2570–2920) | 4.1 (3.1–4.9) | 68.0 (47.6–96.6) | 368 (211–513) |
| ≥10th percentile | 400 (91) | 3460 (3200–3740) | 3.7 (2.8–4.7) | 64.0 (48.1–84.1) | 299 (187–491) |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PCB153, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl; p,p’-DDE, 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene; g, grams; kg/m2, kilograms per meter-squared
Missing data not represented
<O-level=none, Certificate of Secondary Education, and vocational education, which are equivalent to no diploma or a GED in the United States. O-levels (ordinary levels) are required and completed at the age of 16. >O-level=A-levels (advanced levels) completed at 18, which are optional, but required to get into university; and a university degree.