Table 1.
Clinical data and biochemical parameters of COVID-19 hospitalized patients.
| COVID-19 hospitalized patients | Total | Men | Women | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 199 (100%) | 121 (60.8%) | 78 (39.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 58.9 ± 16.2 | 59.0 ± 16.5 | 58.8 ± 15.9 | 0.908 |
| DM (n, %) | 27 (13.6) | 21 (17.4) | 6 (7.7) | 0.054 |
| HT (n, %) | 75 (37.7) | 51 (42.2) | 24 (30.8) | 0.105 |
| Obesity (n, %) | 19 (9.5) | 13 (10.7) | 6 (7.7) | 0.472 |
| CKD (n, %) | 15 (7.5) | 14 (11.6) | 1 (1.3) | 0.002 |
| HF (n, %) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.317 |
| ICU admission (n, %) | 24 (12.1) | 21 (17.4) | 3 (3.9) | 0.003 |
| AKI (n, %) | 15 (7.5) | 11 (9.1) | 4 (5.1) | 0.267 |
| KDIGO Stage 1 (n, %) | 10 (66.7) | 7 (63.6) | 3 (75.0) | 0.682 |
| KDIGO Stage 2 (n, %) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (18.2) | 0 | 0.358 |
| KDIGO Stage 3 (n, %) | 3 (20.0) | 2 (18.2) | 1 (25.0) | 0.772 |
| Non-survivors (n, %) | 20 (10.1) | 17 (14.1) | 3 (3.9) | 0.014 |
| Urinalysis parameters | ||||
| pH | 5.75 (1.0) | 5.5 (0.5) | 6.0 (1.5) | 0.001 |
| Specific weight | 1.021 ± 0.094 | 1.023 ± 0.010 | 1.018 ± 0.084 | < 0.001 |
| Urobilinogen presence (n, %) | 27/199 (13.6) | 18/121 (14.9) | 9/78 (11.5) | 0.685 |
| Blood presence (n, %) | 35/199 (17.6) | 22/121 (18.2) | 13/78 (16.7) | 0.576 |
| Protein presence (n, %) | 100/199 (50.3) | 76/121 (62.8) | 24/78 (30.8) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose presence (n, %) | 14/199 (7.0) | 12/121 (9.9) | 2/78 (2.6) | 0.374 |
| Ketones presence (n, %) | 40/199 (20.1) | 29/121 (24.0) | 11/78 (14.1) | 0.152 |
| Bilirubin presence (n, %) | 4/199 (2.0) | 4/121 (3.3) | 0/78 (0.0) | 0.157 |
| Nitrite positive (n, %) | 7/199 (3.5) | 3/121 (2.5) | 4/78 (5.1) | 0.436 |
| Sediment parameters | ||||
| RBC (cells/uL) | 23.2 (37.5) | 19.8 (34.3) | 26.6 (40.6) | 0.181 |
| WBC (cells/uL) | 13.7 (42.4) | 5.1 (7.8) | 22.2 (77.0) | 0.172 |
| Bacteria (CFU/uL) | 92.3 (228.3) | 10.6 (39.8) | 173.9 (416.7) | 0.068 |
| Epithelial cells (cells/uL) | 5.9 (15.1) | 1.4 (3.0) | 10.4 (27.3) | 0.014 |
| Non-squamous cells (cells/uL) | 6.6 (13.4) | 6.3 (12.8) | 6.9 (13.9) | 0.382 |
| Transitional cells (cells/uL) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.006 |
| Renal tubular cells (cells/uL) | 6.4 (13.3) | 6.1 (12.7) | 6.6 (13.9) | 0.438 |
| Casts (n, %) | 116/199 (58.3) | 73/121 (60.3) | 43/78 (55.1) | 0.465 |
| Hyaline casts (cast/uL) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.605 |
| Granular casts (cast/uL) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.750 |
| Mucus (uL) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.848 |
| Blood parameters | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.2 ± 1.5 | 14.8 ± 1.6 | 13.6 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (103cells/uL) | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.6) | 0.723 |
| Platelets (103cells/uL) | 201 (94) | 182 (87) | 219 (102) | 0.004 |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 244 (249) | 259 (297) | 229 (201) | 0.081 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 (0.27) | 0.92 (0.40) | 0.72 (0.14) | < 0.001 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 32 (18) | 36 (24) | 28 (13) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138 (5) | 137 (5) | 138 (4) | 0.168 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) | 0.147 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 104 (5) | 105 (5) | 103 (5) | 0.082 |
| Urate (mg/dL) | 4.3 (2.5) | 4.6 (2.8) | 3.9 (2.2) | 0.035 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 36.4 ± 3.9 | 36.2 ± 4.1 | 36.6 ± 3.8 | 0.460 |
| AST (U/L) | 29 (25) | 34 (30) | 24 (19) | 0.003 |
| LDH (U/L) | 311 (145) | 328 (163) | 293 (128) | 0.006 |
| CK (U/L) | 69 (81) | 99 (129) | 39 (34) | < 0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 541 (886) | 817 (1,399) | 264 (373) | 0.038 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 6.64 (9.90) | 8.85 (10.62) | 4.42 (9.18) | 0.011 |
(*) men-women comparison; Quantitative variables were described by mean ± standard deviation or median (IQR); DM, Diabetes; HT, Hypertension; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; HF, heart failure; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; AKI, Acute Kidney Injury; RBC, Red Blood Cells; WBC, White Blood Cells; CFU, colony forming units; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; CRP, C-reactive protein; KDIGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes.