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. 2021 May 27;11:11180. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90509-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cross-sectional areas of representative branches in the lower left lobe of the adult (panel A), child (panel B), and infant (panel C) models. Note, for the outlined 3D regions, the areas are measured directly from the image-based models (error bars represent the standard deviation of the airways within each generation). The 1D regions are idealized and scaled to match FRC (Table 2). The conducting and respiratory zones are highlighted in panel (A), where the blue and gray lines represent the total cross-sectional area at the end and beginning of inspiration, respectively.