Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio from binary logistic regression models investigating the relationship between women’s exposure to various forms of IPV and the utilization of maternal healthcare services, India (NFHS-4).
| Various forms of IPV | Adequate ANC (Four or more ANC visits) | Delivery assistance by skilled health provider | PNC within two days of delivery | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Physical violence | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.60 (0.56–0.63)** | 0.89 (0.83–0.95)** | 0.68 (0.63–0.73)** | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.81 (0.76–.86)** | 1.08 (1.01–1.16)* |
| Sexual violence | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.54 (0.49–0.61)** | 0.84 (0.74–0.95)** | 0.63 (0.56–0.71)** | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.76 (0.68–0.85)** | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) |
| Emotional violence | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.74 (0.68–0.80)** | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.74 (0.67–0.81)** | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.81 (0.75–0.88)** | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) |
Adjusted models were controlled for place of residence, caste, religion, women’s age, age at marriage, parity, women’s education, partner’s education, women’s employment status, HH size, wealth index, decision-making on healthcare, access to mass media, and region.
Significance level: **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05.
Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.