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. 2021 May 27;11:11104. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90656-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of direct and indirect reciprocity in cooperation (a1,a2) and social influence (b1, b2) scenarios. (a1) Direct reciprocity in cooperation. An agent A benefits an agent B and then B benefits A. (a2) Indirect reciprocity in cooperation. In upstream indirect reciprocity, an agent A benefits an agent B and then B benefits a third agent C. In downstream indirect reciprocity, A benefits B and then C benefits A. (b1) Direct reciprocity in social influence. An agent A relies on the opinions of an agent B and then B relies on the opinions of A. (b2) Indirect reciprocity in social influence. In upstream indirect reciprocity, an agent A relies on the opinions of an agent B and then B relies on the opinions of a third agent C. In downstream indirect reciprocity, A relies on to the opinions of B and then C relies on the opinions of A.