Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the quantitative study population (n = 995).
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Total N = 995 |
ETHOS 1 Living rough N = 163 |
ETHOS 2 Emergency shelters N = 406 |
ETHOS 8 Squats N = 426 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | |
| Women | 286 (28.74%) | 35 (21.47%) | 57 (14.04%) | 194 (45.54%) |
| Age, year | 39.2 (14.2) | 40.4 (13.4) | 41.3 (15.4) | 36.9 (12.8) |
| Age, median (IQR), year | 37.0 (21.0) | 39 (20.5) | 38.5 (22.7) | 35.0 (20.0) |
| French nationality | 148 (14.98%) | 55 (33.95%) | 63 (15.59%) | 30 (7.11%) |
| Do not speaking French | 435 (44.57%) | 44 (27.16%) | 116 (28.86%) | 275 (66.75%) |
| Country of Birtha,b | ||||
| France | 159 (16.03%) | 68 (41.98%) | 60 (14.81%) | 31 (7.29%) |
| European union | 179 (18.04%) | 19 (11.73%) | 20 (4.94%) | 140 (32.94%) |
| Outside European union | 189 (19.05%) | 19 (11.73%) | 30 (7.41%) | 140 (32.94%) |
| Africa | 420 (42.34%) | 44 (27.16%) | 274 (67.65%) | 102 (24%) |
| Other | 45 (4.54%) | 12 (7.41%) | 21 (5.19%) | 12 (2.82%) |
| Education attainment | ||||
| No diploma | 473 (51.3%) | 70 (46.98%) | 158 (41.25%) | 245 (62.82%) |
| Lower secondary | 357 (38.72%) | 62 (41.61%) | 178 (46.48%) | 117 (30%) |
| Upper secondary or vocational | 92 (9.98%) | 17 (11.41%) | 47 (12.27%) | 28 (7.18%) |
| Don't know or missing | ||||
| Health insurance c,a | 648 (67.08%) | 98 (64.05%) | 302 (76.65%) | 248 (59.19%) |
| Length of homelessness, | ||||
| <3 months | 78 (8.12%) | 7 (4.43%) | 22 (5.45%) | 49 (12.28%) |
| 3–12 months | 193 (20.08%) | 33 (20.89%) | 111 (27.48%) | 49 (12.28%) |
| 1–5 years | 356 (37.04%) | 62 (39.24%) | 163 (40.35%) | 131 (32.83%) |
| >5 years | 334 (34.76%) | 56 (35.44%) | 108 (26.73%) | 170 (42.61%) |
| Having change of accommodation during COVID-19 crisis, Yes | 414 (41.6%) | 99 (66.00%) | 160 (41.13%) | 155 (37.80%) |
| Having financial resources | 577 (60.23%) | 104 (68.42%) | 227 (57.61%) | 246 (59.71%) |
| Having a working situation | 788 (82.25%) | 133 (87.5%) | 343 (87.06%) | 312 (75.73%) |
| Tobacco consumption, Yes | 514 (56.42%) | 116 (76.82%) | 194 (51.05%) | 204 (53.68%) |
| Alcohol (at least 3 glasses), Yes | 245 (24.62%) | 78 (51.66%) | 86 (22.93%) | 47 (12.81%) |
| Having at least one comorbidity d | 476 (47.84%) | 93 (57.06%) | 208 (51.23%) | 175 (41.08%) |
| Psychiatric or addiction comorbidities | 227 (22.81%) | 77 (47.24%) | 85 (20.94%) | 65 (15.26%) |
| Having ever been infected with the COVID-19 virus, yes | 21 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 24 (5.9%) | 3 (0.7%) |
SD: standard deviation.
∗ETHOS: the European typology for homelessness and housing exclusion.
a
Missing data were less than 3% and were not reported.
b
“European Union” countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Spain. “Outside European Union” countries: Albania, Armenia, Bosnia, Croatia, Moldavia, Montenegro, Serbia, Russia including Chechenia, and Ukraine.