TABLE 2.

Human diseases linked to ALDH genes.

Gene	Disease
Aldh1a1	Cataract formation; Parkinson’s disease
Aldh1a2	Disrupted embryonic development; spina bifida; rare cases of congenital heart disease
Aldh1a3	Disrupted embryonic development
Aldh1b1	Hypertension; ethanol sensitivity; ethylmalonic encephalopathy; bipolar disorder
Aldh2	Alcohol intolerance; heart attack; hypertension; cancers; liver cirrhosis; Parkinson’s and late onset Alzheimer’s disease
Aldh3a1	Cataract formation
Aldh3a2	Sjogren-Larsson syndrome
Aldh4a1	Type II hyperprolinemia
Aldh5a1	γ-hydroxybutyric aciduria
Aldh6a1	Psychomotor delay; methylmalonic aciduria
Aldh7a1	Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy; osteoporosis
Aldh16a1	Gout
Aldh18a1	Hyperammonemia