Table 1.

D statistic for phylogenetic signal.

Phylogeny	N states		N permutations	D	p1	p0
	AB	PR
Baculum
Springer	22	222	1000	− 0.18	0	0.77
TimeTree	19	205	1000	− 0.28	0	0.82
Baubellum
Springer	37	35	1000	0.09	0	0.38
TimeTree	33	33	1000	0.07	0	0.42

Calculation of D statistic for the phylogenetic structure of two binary variables (i.e., baculum and baubellum) considering both phylogenies by Springer⁷¹ and Timetree⁷². Counts of states (either absence—AB or presence—PR), total number of permutations (N permutation), sum of changes in estimated nodal values of both binary traits along edges in the phylogeny (D), a p value giving the result of testing whether D is significantly different from one (p₁), a p value giving the result of testing whether D is significantly different from zero (p₀).