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. 2021 May 27;11:11237. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90881-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of muscle growth in different piglets. (A) Sections of the longissimus dorsi muscle with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining. (B) Sectional area of muscle fiber. (C) Weight of the left longissimus dorsi muscle mass. (D) Protein levels of key myogenic factors and insulin receptor (INSR) as detected by Western blotting. The full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 1. (E) Relative quantitative analysis of the protein levels. (F) Enzyme activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in muscle tissue. (G) Expression levels of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) and cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1). mRNA expression in the muscle tissue was determined by qPCR. N = 3, the data are presented as the means ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001 compared to the normal piglets (control). ^#P < 0.05, ^###P < 0.001, and ^####P < 0.0001 between the GF piglets and the FMT piglets. NS not significant, GF piglets germ-free piglets, FMT piglets GF piglets with fecal microbiota transplantation.