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. 2021 May 27;11:11237. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90881-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Change in the muscle fiber type in GF piglets. (A) Immunohistochemical analysis of muscle samples. The brown spots indicate slow-twitch muscle fibers. (B) Proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers in the total muscle fibers. The full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 2. (C) mRNA levels of different MyHC genes in the muscle tissues of piglets were detected by qRT-PCR. (D) Protein level of PGC-1α and relative quantitative analysis of the protein level. (E) Enzyme activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in muscle. (F) Enzyme activity of Na⁺K⁺-ATPase in muscle. (G) Changes in the expression of the cytochrome c oxidase I (Cox I), transcription factor A mitochondrial (TFAM), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) genes in muscle tissue. N = 3, the data are presented as the means ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared to the normal piglets (control). ^#P < 0.05 between the GF piglets and FMT piglets. NS not significant, GF piglets germ-free piglets, FMT piglets GF piglets with fecal microbiota transplantation.