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. 2021 May 14;12:674704. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.674704

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of exendin-4, CCK-8, and a combination of both peptides on BRIN-BD11 proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of key genes. (A, B) To assess effects on BRIN BD11 beta-cell proliferation and apoptosis, cells were incubated with test peptides (10-6 M) alone, or together with cytokine mix (CM; IL-1β 100U/ml, IFN-γ 20 U/ml, TNF-α 200 U/ml) where specified, for 18 h prior to staining for (A) Ki-67 or (B) TUNEL. Representative images show cells stained for (C) Ki-67 (red) and (D) TUNEL (green) with DAPI (blue), with arrows indicating positively stained cells. (E–H) qPCR analysis of Glut2, glucokinase, NFκB and Bax mRNA expression following 18 h incubation with test peptides (10-6 M) in BRIN BD11 beta-cells. All gene expression data was normalised to GAPDH housekeeping control. Values are mean ± SEM (n=4). λλλp < 0.001 compared to untreated controls. ΦΦΦp < 0.001 compared to cytokine mix. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to exendin-4 alone. Δp < 0.05 and ΔΔΔp < 0.001 compared to CCK-8 alone.