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. 2021 May 14;12:672182. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.672182

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Copyright © 2021 Garcia-Gil, Camici, Allegrini, Pesi and Tozzi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Purine nucleotide cycles. 1: 5′-nucleotidase I; 2: adenosine kinase; 3: AMP deaminase; 4: adenylosuccinate synthase; 5: adenylosuccinate lyase; 6: cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase II; 7: adenosine deaminase; 8: IMP dehydrogenase; 9: GMP synthase; 10: purine nucleoside phosphorylase; 11: hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The figure also shows that AMP is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Ado: adenosine; Gua: guanine; Guo: guanosine; Hyp: hypoxhanthine; Ino: inosine. S-AMP: succinylAMP. +: stimulation.