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. 2021 May 14;12:672182. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.672182

TABLE 1.

Involvement of adenosine metabolism enzymes, transporters and receptors in HD.

Enzyme/transporter/receptor Treatment Model Expression/activity Effect References
ADA HEK 293T cells expressing HTT with 54 repeats Increased activity Toczek et al. (2018)
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, CD73, ectosolic ADA HEK 293T cells expressing HTT with 54 repeats Decreased activity Toczek et al. (2018)
ADA, CD39, CD73 R 6/2 mouse No change in expression Kao et al. (2017)
ADK R 6/2 mouse Increased expression Kao et al. (2017)
ADK Hdh150Q mouse No change in expression Kao et al. (2017)
AMPK Human,Mouse striatal neurons Increased expression Ju et al. (2011)
AMPK Metformin R 6/2 mouse Increased survival Ma et al. (2007)
AMPK Metformin Immortalized striatal cells Increased survival Jin et al. (2016)
ENT1 zQ175, R6/2 and Hdh150Q Increased expression Guitart et al. (2016)
Kao et al. (2017)
 ENT1 Inhibitor, knockout R 6/2 mouse Increased survival, increased motor function Kao et al. (2017)
 ENT2 R6/2 and Hdh150Q mouse Increased expression Kao et al. (2017)
 A2AR Human, rat and mouse models Decreased expression Lee and Chern (2014)
 A2AR zQ175 mouse Decreased expression Guitart et al. (2016)
 A2AR Tg51 rat No change in expression Guitart et al. (2016)
 A2AR Agonist R 6/2 mouse Decreased motor deficits Chou et al. (2005)
 A2AR Knockout R 6/2 mouse Increased cognitive function Li et al. (2015)
 AR Caffeine (non selective antagonist) Human Decreased disease onset Simonin et al. (2013)
 ARAR gene polymorphisms Human Decreased disease onset Dhaenens et al. (2009); Taherzadeh-Fard et al. (2010)
 A1AR Human Decreased in symptomatic, increased in presymptomatic Matusch et al. (2014)
 A1AR Agonist Rat, 3-nitropropionic acid infusion Attenuation motor deficit Blum et al. (2002)
 A1AR Antagonist R 6/2 mouse Decreased binding, increased functionality Ferrante et al. (2014)