Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with anosmia (n = 538) | Control participants (n = 2152) | ||
| Age, y | 54.8 (17.0) | 55.4 (16.5) | .43 |
| Male sex | 199 (37.0) | 797 (37.0) | >.99 |
| Female sex | 339 (63.0) | 1355 (63.0) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 318 (59.1) | 1343 (62.4) | .19 |
| African American | 143 (26.6) | 556 (25.8) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 30 (5.6) | 80 (3.7) | |
| Otherb | 47 (8.7) | 173 (8.0) | |
| PM2.5 exposure, mean (SD), μg/m3 | |||
| 12-mo | 10.2 (1.6) | 9.9 (1.9) | .003 |
| 24-mo | 10.5 (1.7) | 10.2 (1.9) | .001 |
| 36-mo | 10.8 (1.8) | 10.4 (2.0) | <.001 |
| 60-mo | 11.0 (1.8) | 10.7 (2.1) | .002 |
| BMI | |||
| Underweight, <18.5 | 17 (3.2) | 81 (3.8) | .58 |
| Normal weight, 18.5 to <25 | 176 (32.7) | 734 (34.1) | |
| Overweight, 25 to <30 | 179 (33.3) | 653 (30.3) | |
| Obesity, ≥30 | 166 (30.9) | 684 (31.8) | |
| Current smoking status | |||
| Never smoked | 328 (61.0) | 1248 (58.0) | .11 |
| Currently smokes | 44 (8.2) | 242 (11.2) | |
| Formerly smoked | 166 (30.9) | 662 (30.8) | |
| Current alcohol consumption | 270 (50.2) | 814 (37.8) | <.001 |
| Median household income, mean (SD), US $ | 75 927 (32 319) | 86 164 (34 533) | <.001 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Hypertension | 162 (30.1) | 762 (35.4) | .02 |
| Diabetes | 56 (10.4) | 260 (12.1) | .32 |
| COPD | 10 (1.9) | 80 (3.7) | .04 |
| Asthma | 50 (9.3) | 189 (8.8) | .77 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of no more than 2.5 μm.
a
Values were calculated using χ2 test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables.
b
Includes Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander.