Table 4. Path Analysis Modeling Vaccine Trial and Vaccine Uptake Rejection.
| Variable | Vaccine trial rejection | Vaccine uptake rejection | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | P value | B (SE) | P value | |
| Direct association with outcome | ||||
| Age | 0.00 (0.00) | NA | 0.00 (0.00) | NA |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Female | 0.62 (0.08) | <.001 | 0.57 (0.08) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicitya | ||||
| Black | 0.51 (0.08) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.08) | <.001 |
| MENA | 0.16 (0.13) | .22 | 0.19 (0.14) | .18 |
| Hispanic | −0.29 (0.13) | .02 | −0.02 (0.13) | .86 |
| Asian | −0.27 (0.13) | .04 | −0.63 (0.14) | <.001 |
| White | −0.13 (0.07) | .05 | −0.20 (0.07) | .005 |
| Annual income, $ | ||||
| 0-35 000 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 35 000-75 000 | −0.03 (0.08) | .75 | −0.21 (0.09) | .02 |
| ≥75 000 | 0.05 (0.09) | .55 | −0.17 (0.09) | .07 |
| Essential worker | ||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Yes | 0.03 (0.08) | .75 | 0.26 (0.09) | .003 |
| Educational level | ||||
| High school diploma or less | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Some college | −0.19 (0.10) | .07 | −0.11 (0.11) | .30 |
| College degree | −0.23 (0.11) | .04 | −0.15 (0.12) | .20 |
| Graduate degree | −0.31 (0.12) | .008 | −0.25 (0.12) | .04 |
| Medical mistrust | 0.13 (0.04) | .001 | 0.21 (0.04) | <.001 |
| Direct association between race/ethnicity and outcome | ||||
| Black | 0.32 (0.05) | <.001 | 0.33 (0.05) | <.001 |
| MENA | −0.24 (0.09) | .005 | −0.24 (0.09) | .005 |
| Hispanic | 0.21 (0.08) | .01 | 0.21 (0.08) | .01 |
| Asian | 0.06 (0.08) | .49 | 0.05 (0.09) | .53 |
| White | −0.49 (0.04) | <.001 | −0.49 (0.04) | <.001 |
| R2 | ||||
| Outcomeb | 0.11c | NA | 0.14c | NA |
| Medical mistrustd | 0.15c | NA | 0.15c | NA |
| Indirect association between race/ethnicity and outcomee | ||||
| Black | 0.04 (0.01) | .003 | 0.07 (0.02) | <.001 |
| MENA | −0.03 (0.02) | .04 | −0.05 (0.02) | .01 |
| Hispanic | 0.03 (0.01) | .06 | 0.04 (0.02) | .02 |
| Asian | 0.01 (0.01) | .56 | 0.01 (0.02) | .54 |
| White | −0.06 (0.02) | .001 | −0.10 (0.02) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: MENA, Arab, Chaldean, Middle Eastern, or North African; NA, not applicable.
a
Effect-coded coefficients indicate deviation from the overall mean, not from a reference group.
b
Variance accounted for by covariates, race, and mistrust (paths a, b, and d in the path model [Figure]).
c
Estimates are R2.
d
Variance accounted for by race/ethnicity (path c in the path model [Figure]).
e
Indirect associations were calculated as the product of paths from racial/ethnic group to mistrust and mistrust to outcome (Figure).