| dave | Average grain size |
| dp | Average grain size of secondary-phase particles |
| fp | Secondary-phase particle fraction |
| ρ | Dislocation density |
| σ0.2 | Yield strength |
| σb | Tensile strength |
| δp | Elongation |
| Δσp | Precipitation strengthening |
| Δσs | Solution strengthening |
| Δσd | Dislocation strengthening |
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