Table 1.
Ethogram and summary of prior work assessing comorbidity and convergent validity of abnormal behaviours in laboratory rhesus macaques.
| Behavioural Subcategory |
Individual Behaviour |
Description | Comorbid with Other Behaviours? * | Does Prior Work Support or Contradict the Subcategory’s Construct Validity? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘Motor’ stereotypic behaviours [5,9,13] |
Pace | Walking back and forth or in a circular pattern, for at least three repetitions or 5 or more seconds. | ‘Self-stimulation’ SBs [34]; cf. [13]; floating limb [13]; cf. [34]; self-injurious behaviours [13]; cf. [34], including self-biting [5]. | Individual ‘motor’ behaviours showed distinct risk factors [15], and rocking formed its own component in a PCA [34], thereby suggesting this subcategory does not have construct validity. |
| Flip | Turning a somersault, usually in a backwards fashion, for at least three repetitions or 5 or more seconds. | |||
| Twirl | Swinging in a circle or spinning, for at least three repetitions or 5 or more seconds. | |||
| Swing | Moving back and forth suspended from above, for at least three repetitions or 5 or more seconds. | |||
| Bounce | Moving jerkily, usually up and down, for at least three repetitions or 5 or more seconds. | |||
| Head-twist | Moving or lifting the head with a sudden motion, for at least two repetitions or 5 or more seconds. | |||
| Rock | Moving back and forth or from side to side, especially gently or rhythmically, for at least three repetitions or 5 or more seconds. | |||
| ‘Self-stimulation’ [13,15,34] | Self-clasp | Embracing or hugging oneself, for at least 15 s. | ‘Motor’ SBs [34]; cf. [13]. | Individual ‘self-stimulation’ behaviours showed distinct risk factors [15]; thereby suggesting this subcategory does not have construct validity. |
| Hair-pluck | Excessive pulling of one’s hair; often leads to over-groomed appearance. | |||
| Self-suck | Sucking various parts of one’s body including digits, tail, and male genitalia. | |||
| Eye-poke | ‘Saluting’ gesture of hand over eye; often involves a digit (frequently the thumb) being pressed into the eye-socket. | |||
| ‘Postural’ [13] |
Hang | Hanging from the cage ceiling with 1–4 limbs, for at least 15 s. | No prior data. | No prior data comparing individual forms. |
| Floating limb | Arm or leg being lifted seemingly without the animal’s knowledge; sometimes used to self-groom as though the animal is being groomed by another; often results in self-biting when animal sees limb. | Self-biting [13,34]; ‘motor’ SBs [13]; cf. [34]. | ||
| Leg-lift | Arm or leg reaches around the back of the body or is propped on the back, for at least ten seconds. | No prior data. | ||
| Withdrawn | Facing a corner for an extended period of time; usually acting socially withdrawn, for at least 30 s. | No prior data. | ||
| ‘Self-Abuse’ [13,55] |
Self-bite | Biting oneself; usually involves biting arms, legs, shoulders or genitals. | Floating limb [13,34]; ‘motor’ SBs [5,13]; cf. [34]. | Self-biting and self-injurious behaviour share the same risk factors [15], therefore supporting this subcategory’s validity (although other forms were not assessed). |
| Threat-bite | Biting hand, wrist, or forearm while staring at an observer, mirror, or conspecific in a threatening manner. | |||
| Self-hit | Striking oneself forcefully. | |||
| Self-injurious behaviour | Self-biting, scratching, or some other form of self-mutilation which results in injury. If the self-biting incident did not result in injury, then it was categorized as ‘self-biting’. |
* cf. is used to denote studies in which the behaviours in question are not found to be comorbid with each other, unlike the other studies cited.