Table 4.
Therapeutic strategies to ameliorate mitochondrial function in NAFLD.
| General Measures | Notes |
|---|---|
| Lifestyles | Moderately hypocaloric diet plus physical exercise might improve mitochondrial function and alleviate inflammation [259,260,261] |
| Antidiabetic drugs | Elafibranor [190,193] |
| Liraglutide [262] | |
| Metformin [263] | |
| Thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) [264], MSDC-0602K [189] | |
| Bile acids | Obeticholic acid [27,208,209] |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid [265] | |
| Agents acting as antioxidants, on nuclear receptors or mitochondrial metabolism | Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) [64] |
| Tempol [266] 1 | |
| Resveratrol [267,268,269,270] 1 | |
| Mitoquinone (Mito-Q) and Mitovitamin E (MitoVit-E) [271,272,273] 1,2 | |
| Silymarin (major component is Silybin) [108,274,275] | |
| Corilagin [276] 2 | |
| Anthocyanins (i.e., Cyanidin) [277,278] 1 | |
| Dihydromyricetin [279] 1 | |
| Berberine [255] 1 | |
| Hydroxytyrosol [249] 1 | |
| Cysteamine [280,281] | |
| Pentoxifilline [282,283,284] | |
| Avocado oil [285,286,287] 1 | |
| Pegbelfermin (via FGF21R beta) [225] | |
| Mitotherapy | Exogenous mitochondria tagged with green-fluorescence protein (GFP) and retrieved in mouse liver, lungs, brain, muscle, and kidneys [288,289] 1. Improved energy production may restore hepatocyte function [290] 1 |
| Miscellanea | Aramchol [216,217] |
| Baicalin [291] 1,2 | |
| Nitro-oleic acid [292] 1 | |
| Carboxyatractyloside [293] 1 | |
| Genistein [294] | |
| Firsocostat (acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor) [295] |
1 Further evidence is required (animal/in vivo evidence); 2 further evidence is required (in vitro study).