Table 2. Clinical Characteristics of Participants Who Met Screening Criteria for the Diabetic Eye Examination, by Race/Ethnicity.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | Difference (95% CI), %a | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Non-Whitec | |||
| No. | 75 | 74 | NA | NA |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 14.4 (2.4) | 14.7 (2.1) | −0.30 (−1.05 to 0.44) | .42 |
| Duration of diabetes | 6.9 (4.0) | 4.2 (4.1) | −3.02 (−4.38 to −1.66) | <.001 |
| Type of diabetesd | ||||
| Type 1 | 67 (89) | 33 (45) | 44.7 (NA) | <.001 |
| Type 2 | 8 (11) | 40 (54) | −43.4 (NA) | |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 8.8 (1.8) | 9.3 (2.7) | −0.52 (−1.28 to 0.24) | .18 |
| Previous screening | 64 (85) | 34 (46) | 39.4 (25.5 to 53.3) | <.001 |
| Prevalence of retinopathy | 2 (3) | 11 (15) | −12.2 (NA) | .008 |
| Insulin form | ||||
| Injection | 20 (27) | 41 (55) | −28.7 (−43.8 to −13.6) | <.001 |
| Pump | 51 (68) | 17 (23) | 45.0 (30.7 to 59.3) | |
| Not taking insulin | 4 (5) | 16 (22) | −16.3 (NA) | |
| Continuous glucose monitore | 47 (70) | 15 (46) | 24.6 (4.4 to 44.8) | .02 |
| Metforminf | 5 (65) | 34 (85) | −22.5 (NA) | .14 |
| Insurance type (n = 148) | ||||
| Medicaid or public | 17 (23) | 57 (77) | −54.3 (−67.8 to −40.8) | <.001 |
| Private or commercial | 58 (77) | 16 (22) | 55.7 (42.4 to 69.0) | |
| Parental education (n = 137) | ||||
| ≤High school | 18 (24) | 44 (60) | −35.5 (−50.3 to −20.7) | <.001 |
| >High school | 54 (72) | 21 (28) | 43.6 (29.1 to 58.1) | |
| Income/y, $ | ||||
| ≤25 000 | 6 (8) | 24 (32) | −24.4 (NA) | <.001 |
| 25 000-49 999 | 5 (7) | 20 (27) | −20.3 (NA) | |
| 50 000-74 999 | 9 (12) | 6 (8) | 3.9 (NA) | |
| 75 000-99 999 | 10 (13) | 1 (1) | 11.9 (NA) | |
| >100 000 | 33 (44) | 5 (7) | 37.2 (NA) | |
| Did not know or chose not to answer | 12 (16) | 18 (24) | −8.3 (−21.1 to 4.5) | |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
SI conversion factor: To convert hemoglobin A1c to a proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
The 95% CIs were omitted for all comparisons not large enough to meet normality assumptions.
b
P values were 2-sided and not adjusted for multiple comparisons.
c
Non-White individuals included Black, Hispanic, and Asian individuals and those of mixed race/ethnicity.
d
One patient with diabetes of uncertain type not included.
e
Percentages of those with type 1 diabetes.
f
Percentages of those with type 2 diabetes.