Table 1.
Characteristics of the main algorithms for cardiovascular risk estimation.
| Characteristics | Framingham Risk Score 2008 [53] | SCORE [54] | PROCAM [55] | QRISK1 [56], 2 [57], and 3 [58] | JBS3 Risk Calculator [59] | Reynolds [60,61] | CUORE [62] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort type | General population; US | Mainly general population, some occupational cohorts; EU | Healthy employees; Germany | Healthy general practice attendees; England/Wales | Healthy general practice attendees; England/Wales | Health professionals; US | General population; Italy |
| Cohort size (% men) | 8491 (47%) | 205,178 (57%) | 26,975 (68%) | QRISK1: 1.28 million (50%) QRISK2: 2.29 million (50%) QRISK3: 2.92 million (50%) | 2.29 million (50%) | 35,332 (40%) | 20,647 (37%) |
| Age range (years) | 30–75 | 40–65 | 20–75 | QRISK1 and 2: 35–74 QRISK3: 25–84 |
35–74 | 45–80 | 35–69 |
| Endpoint assessed | 10-yr risk of CVD events (CHD death, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency or angina, coronary revascularization, stroke/TIA, PAD, heart failure) |
10-yr risk of CVD mortality (including CHD, arrhythmia, heart failure, stroke, aortic aneurysm, and PAD) | Two different scores: 10-yr risk of CHD 10-yr risk of stroke | 10-yr risk of CVD events (CHD death, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency or angina, coronary revascularization, stroke/TIA, PAD) | 10-yr and lifetime risk of CVD events (CHD death, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency or angina, coronary revascularization, stroke/TIA, PAD); Effect of risk factor optimization; Heart age; CVD-free life-expectancy | 10-yr risk of CVD events/mortality (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization) | 10-yr risk of CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke) |
| Variables included | Sex, age, total cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), SBP (mmHg), current smoking (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), hypertensive treatment (yes or no) | Sex, age, total cholesterol (mg/dL) or total cholesterol/ HDL cholesterol ratio, SBP (mmHg), current smoking (yes or no) High- and low-risk countries version Most diabetic patients considered high-risk regardless of other factor |
Sex, age, LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), SBP (mmHg), current smoking (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), | QRISK1: Sex, age, total cholesterol/ HDL cholesterol ratio, SBP (mmHg), current smoking (yes or no), hypertensive treatment (yes or no), area-based index of poverty, family history of premature CVD in first degree relative (yes or no), BMI (kg/m2) QRISK2: also includes ethnicity, diabetes (yes or no), rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal disease, and atrial fibrillation QRISK3: migraine, medications (corticosteroids and atypical antipsychotics), systemic lupus erythematosus, severe mental illness, SBP variability, erectile dysfunction |
Sex, age, total cholesterol/ HDL cholesterol ratio, SBP (mmHg), current smoking (yes or no), hypertensive treatment (yes or no), area-based index of poverty, family history of premature CVD in first degree relative (yes or no), BMI (kg/m2), ethnicity, diabetes (yes or no), rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal disease, and atrial fibrillation | Sex, age, total cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), SBP (mmHg), current smoking (yes or no), hs-CRP (mg/L), HbA1C if diabetic (percent), parental history of premature CVD (yes or no) | Sex, age, total cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), SBP (mmHg), current smoking (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no) |
| Important variables excluded | Family history of, CVD, BMI | Diabetes, Family history of CVD, BMI, Hypertensive treatment | Family history of CVD, BMI, Hypertensive treatment | None | None | BMI, Hypertensive treatment | Family history of CVD, BMI, Hypertensive treatment |
SCORE = Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation; PROCAM = Prospective Cardiovascular Münster; JBS = Joint British Societies; BMI = Body Mass Index; CHD = Coronary Heart Disease; CVD = Cardiovascular Disease; EU = European Union; HbA1C = Hemoglobin A1c; HDL = High-Density Lipoproteins; hs-CRP = high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein; LDL = Low-Density Lipoprotein; PAD = Peripheral Artery Disease; SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure; TIA = Transient Ischemic Attack; US = United States.