Functional modules of complex I and accessory subunits of the matrix arm. (A) The central subunits of complex I are assigned to functional modules for NADH oxidation (N module, orange), ubiquinone reduction (Q module, green), and proton pumping (P module, cyan). (B) Accessory subunits of the matrix arm of human complex I (PDB ID: 5xtd) are shown in color, all other subunits are shown in gray. (C) Accessory subunits of the matrix arm of Y. lipolytica complex I (PDB ID: 6rfr; color code as in (B)); the sulfur transferase subunit ST1 is not part of the model; note that FV3 is not present in Y. lipolytica complex I.