ACAE	Acarbose equivalent
ACh	Acetylcholine
AGE	Advanced glycation end
Akt	Protein kinase B
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ANG	Angiotensin
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BBM	Brush-border membrane
BUN	Blood urea nitrogen
CaMKKβ	Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β
CDDP	Compound danshen dripping pill
ColIV	Collagen IV
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase 2
DAD	Diode array detector
DM	Diabetes mellitus
db/db	Type 2 diabetes mice
DN	Diabetic nephropathy
DR	Diabetic retinopathy
DSS	Danshensu
EO	Essential oil
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
FBG	Fasting blood glucose
FBS	Fasting blood sugar
FFA	Fluorescence fundus angiography
FID	Flame ionization detector
FINS	Fasting blood insulin
FN	Fibronectin
GC	Gas chromatography
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT	Glucose transporter
GSH	Glutathione
GSK	Glycogen synthase kinase
HbA1c	Glycosylated hemoglobin
HDD	Huangqi-danshen decoction
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HEK	Human embryonic kidney
HFD	High-fat diet
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
hs-CRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
ILK1	Integrin-linked kinase 1
IL-6	Interleukin 6
IP	Intraperitoneal
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate-1
ISI	Insulin sensitivity index
JTD	Jiangtang decoction
LAB	Lithospermic acid B
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
LKB1	Liver kinase 1
MCP1	Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MNCV	Motor nerve conduction velocity
MnSOD	Manganese superoxide dismutase
mRNA	Messenger ribonucleic acid
MS	Mass spectrometry
NMR	Nuclear magnetic resonance
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
NPDR	Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of B cells
OGTT	Oral glucose tolerance test
OLETF	Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima Fatty
p-ACC	Phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase
Pae	Paeonol
PAF	Polyphenolic acids fraction
PGC1α	Proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinas
PINK1	PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
PKG-1	Protein kinase G
PPARα	Proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PPHG	Postprandial hyperglycemia
PGE₂	Prostaglandin E2
PWMT	Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold
RA	Rosmarinic acid
RAGE	Receptor of glycation end
RPTEC	Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells
Sal	Salvianolic acid
SFT	S. fruticosa tea
SGLT1	Intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter-1
Sirt3/Sirtuin	Silent information regulator protein3
SS-Bt	S. sclarea Beirut
SS-Tl	S. sclarea Taanayel
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
STZ	Streptozotocin
TSIIA	Tanshinone IIA
TC	Total cholesterol
TENS	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TG	Triglyceride
TGF- β1	Transforming growth factor-β1
TNFα	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TSP1	Thrombospondin 1
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
UAE	Ultrasound-assisted extraction
VED	Vascular endothelial dysfunction
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
2hPPG	2 h postprandial glucose
8-OHdG	8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine